Ομιλία Γέροντος Νεκταρίου Μουλατσιώτη με θέμα:
ΓΙΑΤΙ ΨΑΛΛΟΥΜΕ ΤΟ: "ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΝΝΑΤΑΙ ΔΟΞΑΣΑΤΕ"
Η ομιλία πραγματοποιήθηκε στον Ιερό Ναό Αγίας Μαρίνας Ηλιουπόλεως Αθηνών την Κυριακή 23 Δεκεμβρίου 2012.
Saturday, 29 December 2012
Friday, 28 December 2012
Γέροντας Παίσιος-Να εύχεστε χρόνια πολλά και ευάρεστα στο Θεό..

Η αξία και η σημασία των ευχών
«'Οταν
ευχεσθε σε κάποιον για την ονομαστική τον γιορτή (ή καί για οτιδήποτε
άλλο, συμπληρώνουμε), να του λέτε: Σον ευχόμαστε χρόνια πολλά
καί εόάρεστα στο Θεό».(Ίερομ. Χριστοδούλου, Ό Γέρων Παΐσιος, σελ. 237).
Ή αξία καί σημασία των ευχών.
Κατά
πρώτον, αξίζει να σημειώσουμε το πόσο σημαντικό είναι να ευχόμαστε
καλά πράγματα για τους συνανθρώπους μας.'Αν ή κατάρα «πιάνει» πολλές
φορές, πού σημαίνει ότι το πονηρό περιεχόμενο της καρδίας μας μπορεί να
επιδράσει αρνητικά στους άλλους, το ίδιο κι ακόμη περισσότερο μπορεί
να επιδράσει ή ευχή μας καί ό καλός μας λόγος. Καί τούτο γιατί το καλό,
ως προερχόμενο από τον παντοδύναμο Θεό, είναι ισχυρότερο από το κακό
καί ή θε-τική στάση μας απέναντι στους άλλους, όπως φανερώνεται από τίς
ευχές μας, μπορεί να λειτουργήσει ως χάδι καί βάλσαμο στις ψυχές τους.
Προϋπόθεση βεβαίως γι' αυτό είναι ότι οί ευχές μας ανταποκρίνονται στίς προθέσεις μας, δηλ. ευχόμαστε στους άλλους, γιατί πραγματικά καί αληθινά τους αγαπάμε ή τέλος πάντων τους συμπαθούμε. Διαφορετικά οι ευχές μας είναι υποκριτικές, γεγονός πού εύκολα το επισημαίνει ό πλησίον μας πού τίς δέχεται.
Χαρακτηριστικό παράδειγμα αρνητικής καί θετικής αντίδρασης σε κατάρα καί ευλογία αντίστοιχα είναι το γνωστό περιστατικό, πού καταγράφεται στο Γεροντικό, από τη ζωή του οσίου Μακαρίου.Κάποτε, λέγει ή ιστορία, ό υποτακτικός του οσίου συνάντησε στο δρόμο του έναν ειδωλολάτρη ιερέα, τον όποιον απερίσκεπτα έβρισε, χαρακτηρίζοντας τον σατανά. Εκείνος τόσο θύμωσε από την άνεπάντεχη προσβολή, πού έσπασε το ραβδί του στίς πλάτες του καλόγερου, αφήνοντας τον μισοπεθαμένο. Σέ λίγο φάνηκε κι ό όσιος Μακάριος, ό όποιος συναντώντας τον ειδωλολάτρη ιερέα έσπευσε να τον χαιρετίσει καί να του ευχηθεί. Εκείνος κοντοστάθηκε σαστισμένος καί ρώτησε: – Τι καλό είδες σε μένα, άββα, καί μου μιλάς έτσι; -Σέ βλέπω πού τρέχεις, του είπε ό όσιος, καί λυπάμαι πού δεν έχεις ακόμη καταλάβει πώς μάταια κοπιάζεις.
Κατανύχτηκε ή ψυχή του ειδωλολάτρη από τα γεμάτα αγάπη λόγια του οσίου καί γι' αυτό τον χαρακτήρισε άνθρωπο του Θεού, εν αντιθέσει με τον άλλο κακόγερο, όπως του είπε, πού του κακομίλησε. Τελικά, το συναπάντημα αυτό ήταν ή αφορμή για τη μεταστροφή του ειδωλολάτρη στο Χριστιανισμό, άφού προηγουμένως ζήτησε καί τη συγγνώμη του οσίου για την κακομεταχείριση του μαθητή καί υποτακτικού του."Ωστε ό λόγος ό καλός, όπως καί οί ευχές πού ανταλλάσσουμε τίς ημέρες των μεγάλων εορτών, κάνει τον κακό καλό, ενώ ό κακός λόγος καί τον καλόν ακόμη τον ερεθίζει. Τα «χρόνια πολλά καί ή καλή χρονιά» λοιπόν έχουν ά-ξία και σημασία, έστω κι αν ίσως δεν το καταλαβαίνουμε όσο πρέπει.
Προϋπόθεση βεβαίως γι' αυτό είναι ότι οί ευχές μας ανταποκρίνονται στίς προθέσεις μας, δηλ. ευχόμαστε στους άλλους, γιατί πραγματικά καί αληθινά τους αγαπάμε ή τέλος πάντων τους συμπαθούμε. Διαφορετικά οι ευχές μας είναι υποκριτικές, γεγονός πού εύκολα το επισημαίνει ό πλησίον μας πού τίς δέχεται.
Χαρακτηριστικό παράδειγμα αρνητικής καί θετικής αντίδρασης σε κατάρα καί ευλογία αντίστοιχα είναι το γνωστό περιστατικό, πού καταγράφεται στο Γεροντικό, από τη ζωή του οσίου Μακαρίου.Κάποτε, λέγει ή ιστορία, ό υποτακτικός του οσίου συνάντησε στο δρόμο του έναν ειδωλολάτρη ιερέα, τον όποιον απερίσκεπτα έβρισε, χαρακτηρίζοντας τον σατανά. Εκείνος τόσο θύμωσε από την άνεπάντεχη προσβολή, πού έσπασε το ραβδί του στίς πλάτες του καλόγερου, αφήνοντας τον μισοπεθαμένο. Σέ λίγο φάνηκε κι ό όσιος Μακάριος, ό όποιος συναντώντας τον ειδωλολάτρη ιερέα έσπευσε να τον χαιρετίσει καί να του ευχηθεί. Εκείνος κοντοστάθηκε σαστισμένος καί ρώτησε: – Τι καλό είδες σε μένα, άββα, καί μου μιλάς έτσι; -Σέ βλέπω πού τρέχεις, του είπε ό όσιος, καί λυπάμαι πού δεν έχεις ακόμη καταλάβει πώς μάταια κοπιάζεις.
Κατανύχτηκε ή ψυχή του ειδωλολάτρη από τα γεμάτα αγάπη λόγια του οσίου καί γι' αυτό τον χαρακτήρισε άνθρωπο του Θεού, εν αντιθέσει με τον άλλο κακόγερο, όπως του είπε, πού του κακομίλησε. Τελικά, το συναπάντημα αυτό ήταν ή αφορμή για τη μεταστροφή του ειδωλολάτρη στο Χριστιανισμό, άφού προηγουμένως ζήτησε καί τη συγγνώμη του οσίου για την κακομεταχείριση του μαθητή καί υποτακτικού του."Ωστε ό λόγος ό καλός, όπως καί οί ευχές πού ανταλλάσσουμε τίς ημέρες των μεγάλων εορτών, κάνει τον κακό καλό, ενώ ό κακός λόγος καί τον καλόν ακόμη τον ερεθίζει. Τα «χρόνια πολλά καί ή καλή χρονιά» λοιπόν έχουν ά-ξία και σημασία, έστω κι αν ίσως δεν το καταλαβαίνουμε όσο πρέπει.
2. Ή χριστιανική κατανόηση των ευχών.
Χρειάζεται
όμως να προχωρήσουμε σ' αυτό πού επισημαίνει ό γέρων Παΐσιος: ή ευχή
μας για χρόνια πολλά σε κάποιον να συμπληρώνεται καί με το «εύάρεστα στο
Θεό». Γιατί άραγε έκανε την παρατήρηση αυτή ό άγιος Γέροντας; Μα
ασφαλώς, γιατί ήξερε ότι το καλό τότε μόνον είναι πράγματι καλό, όταν
σχετίζεται με το Θεό. Εκείνος είναι ή απόλυτη και μοναδική πηγή του,
όπως το βεβαίωσε καί το άψευδές στόμα του Κυρίου: «Ουδείς αγαθός, ειμή
εις, ό Θεός» (Ματθ. 19,18)!Χωρίς συσχέτιση του άγαθού καί κάλου με το
Θεό, παίρνει αυτό τέτοιο περιεχόμενο, ανάλογο με το υλικό πού έχει
κανείς στη ψυχή καί την καρδιά του. Κι όταν λείπει ό Θεός από την ψυχή
του ανθρώπου, τότε είναι γεμάτη αυτή από κακίες καί πάθη και δαιμονικές
ενέργειες, άρα και το θεωρούμενο καλό από το συγκεκριμένο αυτό άνθρωπο,
σταματά να είναι καί γνησίως καί αληθινά καλό.
'Ετσι ή ευχή «καλή χρονιά» πράγματι έχει νόημα καί είναι αληθινή, όταν κατανοείται ως εύάρεστη στο Θεό. Καί εύάρεστο στο Θεό γίνεται εκείνο πού τελεί εν υπακοή προς το θέλημα Του, άρα καλή θα είναι ή χρονιά για τον καθένα μας, όταν την κάθε στιγμή μας τη ζούμε έτσι, ώστε να τηρούμε το θέλημα Εκείνου. Ποιο είναι το θέλημα του Θεού, τώρα, με το όποιο πρέπει να γεμίζουμε το χρόνο μας; Ή πίστη μας σ' Αυτόν καί ή αγάπη μας στον κάθε συνάνθρωπο μας. «Αυτή εστίν ή εντολή τον Θεού' ίνα πιστεύσωμεν τω ονόματι τον υιου Αυτού καί άγαπώμεν αλλήλους» (Α' Ίω.3, 23).
Στή διπλή αυτή εντολή συμπυκνώνεται κάθε επιμέρους εντολή του Θεού, κι αυτό θα πει ότι, όταν ό Χριστιανός εύχεται εκ καρδίας «Χρόνια πολλά καί καλή χρονιά»,είναι σαν να λέει: «Είθε να ζήσεις πολλά χρόνια, με εναπόθεση της ζωής σου στα χέρια του Θεού, μακριά από άγχη,στενοχώριες, μελαγχολίες, καταθλίψεις, φοβίες, γιατί όλααυτά δείχνουν όλιγοπιστία ή απιστία στο Θεό. Καί παράλληλα να διαθέσεις τη ζωή σου στην εξυπηρέτηση του συνανθρώπου σου, γενόμενος αρωγός στην κάθε δύσκολη στιγμή του, κλαίγοντας στο κλάμα του καί χαίροντας στη χαρά του, γιατί αυτό θα πει αγάπη». Με τα δεδομένα αυτά οί ευχές πού λέγονται στην αρχή της κάθε χρονιάς, αφενός αποκαλύπτουν την ποιότητα της χριστιανικής μας συνειδήσεως, αφετέρου μπορούν να γίνουν το ερέθισμα για ένα δικό μας βαθύτερο προβληματισμό, πού θα πρέπει να μας οδηγεί σε μεγαλύτερη συναίσθηση του εαυτού μας, αλλά καί της θέσης καί του ρόλου μας μέσα στον κόσμο πού βρεθήκαμε. Κι ή θέση μας και ό ρόλος μας δεν είναι να είμαστε ανεύθυνοι καί χωρίς σκοπό, μα πλήρως εξαρτημένοι από το Θεό, παραθέτοντας συνεχώς «εαυτούς καί αλλήλους καί πασαν την ζωήν ημών Χριστω τω Θεώ». 3. Ό χρόνος δόθηκε προς μετάνοια.
'Ετσι ή ευχή «καλή χρονιά» πράγματι έχει νόημα καί είναι αληθινή, όταν κατανοείται ως εύάρεστη στο Θεό. Καί εύάρεστο στο Θεό γίνεται εκείνο πού τελεί εν υπακοή προς το θέλημα Του, άρα καλή θα είναι ή χρονιά για τον καθένα μας, όταν την κάθε στιγμή μας τη ζούμε έτσι, ώστε να τηρούμε το θέλημα Εκείνου. Ποιο είναι το θέλημα του Θεού, τώρα, με το όποιο πρέπει να γεμίζουμε το χρόνο μας; Ή πίστη μας σ' Αυτόν καί ή αγάπη μας στον κάθε συνάνθρωπο μας. «Αυτή εστίν ή εντολή τον Θεού' ίνα πιστεύσωμεν τω ονόματι τον υιου Αυτού καί άγαπώμεν αλλήλους» (Α' Ίω.3, 23).
Στή διπλή αυτή εντολή συμπυκνώνεται κάθε επιμέρους εντολή του Θεού, κι αυτό θα πει ότι, όταν ό Χριστιανός εύχεται εκ καρδίας «Χρόνια πολλά καί καλή χρονιά»,είναι σαν να λέει: «Είθε να ζήσεις πολλά χρόνια, με εναπόθεση της ζωής σου στα χέρια του Θεού, μακριά από άγχη,στενοχώριες, μελαγχολίες, καταθλίψεις, φοβίες, γιατί όλααυτά δείχνουν όλιγοπιστία ή απιστία στο Θεό. Καί παράλληλα να διαθέσεις τη ζωή σου στην εξυπηρέτηση του συνανθρώπου σου, γενόμενος αρωγός στην κάθε δύσκολη στιγμή του, κλαίγοντας στο κλάμα του καί χαίροντας στη χαρά του, γιατί αυτό θα πει αγάπη». Με τα δεδομένα αυτά οί ευχές πού λέγονται στην αρχή της κάθε χρονιάς, αφενός αποκαλύπτουν την ποιότητα της χριστιανικής μας συνειδήσεως, αφετέρου μπορούν να γίνουν το ερέθισμα για ένα δικό μας βαθύτερο προβληματισμό, πού θα πρέπει να μας οδηγεί σε μεγαλύτερη συναίσθηση του εαυτού μας, αλλά καί της θέσης καί του ρόλου μας μέσα στον κόσμο πού βρεθήκαμε. Κι ή θέση μας και ό ρόλος μας δεν είναι να είμαστε ανεύθυνοι καί χωρίς σκοπό, μα πλήρως εξαρτημένοι από το Θεό, παραθέτοντας συνεχώς «εαυτούς καί αλλήλους καί πασαν την ζωήν ημών Χριστω τω Θεώ». 3. Ό χρόνος δόθηκε προς μετάνοια.
Τα
παραπάνω είναι απόρροια της χριστιανικής θεωρήσεως του χρόνου.
Κατανοούμε το χρόνια πολλά ως εύάρεστα στο Θεό, γιατί ό χρόνος δεν είναι
μια άσκοπη ροή γεγονότων καί καταστάσεων. Μια τέτοια αντίληψη είναι
καρπός απιστίας προς τον παντοδύναμο καί αιώνιο προσωπικό Θεό. Ό
χρόνος, σύμφωνα με την πίστη μας, δόθηκε και δίνεται ως δωρεά από το
Θεό στον άνθρωπο, προκειμένου να τον αξιοποιεί αυτός για τη σωτηρία
του. «Εξαγοραζόμενοι τον καιρόν - κατά τον απόστολο - ότι αί ήμέραι
πονηραί εισί(Έφ. 5,16).Με άλλα λόγια ό Θεός επιτρέπει να ζούμε, να
παρατείνεται δηλ. μέσα στο χρόνο ή ζωή μας, για να μετανοούμε: να
μεταστρεφόμαστε προς ό,τι ζήτα το πανάγιο θέλημα Του «άποστυγουντες το
πονηρόν, κολλώμενοι τω άγαθώ» (Ρωμ. 12,9). Ό λόγος του Πνεύματος του
Θεού δια στόματος Ιωάννη του Θεολόγου είναι σαφής: «"Εδωκα χρόνον, ίνα
μετανοήση» (Άποκ. 2,21). Κι ό απόστολος Παύλος ερμηνεύοντας τη
μακροθυμία του Θεού προς τον άμαρτάνοντα άνθρωπο σημειώνει: «Το χρηστόν
του Θεού εις μετάνοιαν σε άγει» (Ρωμ. 2,4).Κατά συνέπεια, ζούμε για ν'
αυξάνουμε τη σχέση μας με το Χριστό. Κάθε άλλη επιλογή του ανθρώπου
αποτελεί προσβολή του Θεού και βλασφημία προς το άγιο θέλημα Του.
4. Ή χαρά για τον καινούργιο χρόνο.
'Ετσι
ό μόνος πού μπορεί να χαίρεται για τον ερχομό κάθε φορά του νέου
χρόνου, είναι ό πιστός Χριστιανός. Μόνον ό Χριστιανός μπορεί να βλέπει
το χρόνο όχι ως πορεία προς το θάνατο, άλλ' ως πορεία, όπως είπαμε,
προς μεγαλύτερη σχέση με τον κατεξοχήν αγαπημένο του, το Χριστό.
Και φτάνει μάλιστα ό καθόλα συνεπής πιστός, ό άγιος, να επιθυμεί για το λόγο αυτό καί τον ίδιο θάνατο.
Ό απόστολος Παύλος καί πάλι σημειώνει στους Φιλιππησίους: «'Εχω την έπιθυμίαν εις το άναλύσαι καί συν Χριστώ είναι» (1,23). 'Ηθελε να φύγει από τη ζωή αύτη, όχι γιατί μισούσε τον κόσμο καί τη ζωή, αλλά γιατί αγαπούσε περισσότερο την πηγή της ζωής, το Χριστό και τη Βασιλεία Του. Κι ό άγιος Ιωάννης της Κλίμακος επισημαίνει; «Ό άγιος επιθυμεί κάθε ώρα το θάνατο». Για το Χριστιανό λοιπόν υπάρχουν λόγοι χαράς για τον ερχομό του νέου χρόνου: τον φέρνει πιο κοντά στον αρχηγό της πίστης Του!
Είναι ακατανόητη όμως η χαρά του απίστου και εκτός της Εκκλησίας ανθρώπου για τον καινούργιο χρόνο. Γιατί γιορτάζει αυτός; Επειδή θα έλθει μια ώρα γρηγορότερα στο θάνατο; Διότι στην πραγματικότητα ό κάθε νέος χρόνος είναι καί μια μείωση της επί γης ζωής του' μια ανάσα πιο κοντά στη φθορά. 'Ισως λοιπόν για το λόγο αυτό να ξενυχτάνε πολλοί γλεντώντας την παραμονή της Πρωτοχρονιάς; επειδή επιθυμούν να διασκεδάσουν τον υποσυνείδητο φόβο τους με τον επερχόμενο θάνατο.'Ετσι κι αλλιώς όμως! Για τους Χριστιανούς ό χρόνος έχει νόημα και σκοπό. Κι είμαστε ευτυχείς πού ό Θεός εν Χριστώ μας έχει δώσει τη χάρη να κατανοούμε την αλήθεια αυτή. Απομένει καί να την ενεργοποιούμε στη ζωή μας!
Και φτάνει μάλιστα ό καθόλα συνεπής πιστός, ό άγιος, να επιθυμεί για το λόγο αυτό καί τον ίδιο θάνατο.
Ό απόστολος Παύλος καί πάλι σημειώνει στους Φιλιππησίους: «'Εχω την έπιθυμίαν εις το άναλύσαι καί συν Χριστώ είναι» (1,23). 'Ηθελε να φύγει από τη ζωή αύτη, όχι γιατί μισούσε τον κόσμο καί τη ζωή, αλλά γιατί αγαπούσε περισσότερο την πηγή της ζωής, το Χριστό και τη Βασιλεία Του. Κι ό άγιος Ιωάννης της Κλίμακος επισημαίνει; «Ό άγιος επιθυμεί κάθε ώρα το θάνατο». Για το Χριστιανό λοιπόν υπάρχουν λόγοι χαράς για τον ερχομό του νέου χρόνου: τον φέρνει πιο κοντά στον αρχηγό της πίστης Του!
Είναι ακατανόητη όμως η χαρά του απίστου και εκτός της Εκκλησίας ανθρώπου για τον καινούργιο χρόνο. Γιατί γιορτάζει αυτός; Επειδή θα έλθει μια ώρα γρηγορότερα στο θάνατο; Διότι στην πραγματικότητα ό κάθε νέος χρόνος είναι καί μια μείωση της επί γης ζωής του' μια ανάσα πιο κοντά στη φθορά. 'Ισως λοιπόν για το λόγο αυτό να ξενυχτάνε πολλοί γλεντώντας την παραμονή της Πρωτοχρονιάς; επειδή επιθυμούν να διασκεδάσουν τον υποσυνείδητο φόβο τους με τον επερχόμενο θάνατο.'Ετσι κι αλλιώς όμως! Για τους Χριστιανούς ό χρόνος έχει νόημα και σκοπό. Κι είμαστε ευτυχείς πού ό Θεός εν Χριστώ μας έχει δώσει τη χάρη να κατανοούμε την αλήθεια αυτή. Απομένει καί να την ενεργοποιούμε στη ζωή μας!
Άγιος Λουκάς ο ιατρός-Επιστήμη και Θρησκεία

Αγίου Λουκά Αρχιεπισκόπου Κρημαίας
«Όταν εξετάζουμε τη σύγχρονη
επιστήμη όπως αυτή δημιουργήθηκε από επιστήμονες σαν τον Λαμάρκ και τον
Δαρβίνο, βλέπουμε την αντίθεση και θα έλεγα την απόλυτη ασυμφωνία που υπάρχει
μεταξύ επιστήμης και θρησκείας σε θέματα που αφορούν τα βασικότερα προβλήματα
της ύπαρξης και της γνώσης. Γι' αυτό, νους φωτισμένος και λογικός δεν μπορεί να
δέχεται ταυτόχρονα και το ένα και το άλλο και πρέπει να επιλέξει μεταξύ
θρησκείας και επιστήμης».
Τα λόγια αυτά τα έγραψε 65 χρόνια
πριν ένας γνωστός Γερμανός ζωολόγος, θερμός οπαδός του Δαρβίνου, ο Γέκκελ στο
βιβλίο του «Τα μυστικά του κόσμου» που γνώρισε μεγάλη επιτυχία και όπως
φαινόταν απέδειξε ότι η πίστη είναι ένας παραλογισμός. Λέει, λοιπόν, ο Γέκκελ
ότι κάθε άνθρωπος με φωτισμένη διάνοια πρέπει να διαλέξει μεταξύ επιστήμης και
θρησκείας και να ακολουθήσει είτε το ένα είτε το άλλο. Και θεωρεί απαραίτητο να
αρνηθούν αυτοί οι άνθρωποι την θρησκεία διότι ένας άνθρωπος λογικός δεν μπορεί
να αρνηθεί την επιστήμη.
Πραγματικά αυτό είναι απαραίτητο;
Όχι, καθόλου, διότι γνωρίζουμε ότι πολλοί και μεγάλοι επιστήμονες ήταν
ταυτόχρονα και πολύ πιστοί άνθρωποι. Τέτοιος ήταν για παράδειγμα ο Πολωνός
αστρονόμος Κοπέρνικος που έθεσε το θεμέλιο όλης της σύγχρονης αστρονομίας. Ο Κοπέρνικος
δεν ήταν μόνο πιστός αλλά ήταν και κληρικός. Ένας άλλος μεγάλος επιστήμονας, ο
Νεύτων, πάντα όταν έλεγε τη λέξη Θεός έβγαζε το καπέλο του. Ήταν πολύ πιστός
άνθρωπος. Ένας μεγάλος βακτηριολόγος της εποχής μας και σχεδόν σύγχρονός μας, ο
Παστέρ, που έθεσε τις βάσεις της σύγχρονης βακτηριολογίας, όλα τα επιστημονικά
του έργα άρχιζε με τη θερμή προσευχή στον Θεό. Πριν 10 χρόνια άφησε αυτή τη ζωή
ένας μεγάλος επιστήμονας και συμπατριώτης μας, ο φυσιολόγος Παύλοβ, που ήταν
δημιουργός της καινούριας φυσιολογίας του εγκεφάλου. Ήταν και αυτός πολύ πιστός
άνθρωπος. Θα τολμούσε, λοιπόν, ο Γέκκελ να πει ότι αυτοί οι άνθρωποι δεν έχουν
φωτισμένη διάνοια επειδή πιστεύουν στον Θεό;
Τι συμβαίνει λοιπόν; Γιατί και
σήμερα υπάρχουν, και τους γνωρίζω προσωπικά, μερικοί επιστήμονες καθηγητές
πανεπιστημίου που είναι πολύ πιστοί άνθρωποι; Γιατί την θρησκεία δεν την
αρνούνται όλοι οι επιστήμονες αλλά μόνο ένα μέρος τους που έχουν τρόπο σκέψεως
όμοιο μ' αυτόν που έχει ο Γέκκελ;
Γιατί αυτοί οι άνθρωποι πιστεύουν
μόνο στην ύλη και αρνούνται τον πνευματικό κόσμο, δεν πιστεύουν στη μετά
θάνατον ζωή, δεν δέχονται την αθανασία της ψυχής και βεβαίως δεν δέχονται την
ανάσταση των νεκρών. Λένε ότι η επιστήμη τα καταφέρνει όλα, ότι δεν υπάρχει
στην φύση μυστικό που η επιστήμη δεν μπορεί να ανακαλύψει. Εμείς τι μπορούμε να
απαντήσουμε σ' αυτά;
Θα τους απαντήσουμε το εξής: Έχετε
απόλυτο δίκαιο. Δεν μπορούμε να περιορίσουμε την ανθρώπινη διάνοια που ερευνά
την φύση. Ξέρουμε ότι σήμερα η επιστήμη γνωρίζει μόνον ένα μέρος απ' αυτά που
θα έπρεπε εμείς να ξέρουμε για την φύση. Γνωρίζουμε επίσης ότι οι δυνατότητες
της επιστήμης είναι μεγάλες. Σ' αυτό έχουν δίκαιο και δεν το αμφισβητούμε. Τι
λοιπόν αμφισβητούμε εμείς; Γιατί δεν αρνούμαστε την θρησκεία όπως το κάνουν
αυτοί και δεν την θεωρούμε αντίθετη προς την επιστημονική γνώση;
Μόνο γιατί με όλη την καρδιά μας
πιστεύουμε πως υπάρχει ο πνευματικός κόσμος. Είμαστε σίγουροι πως εκτός από τον
υλικό κόσμο υπάρχει άπειρος και ασύγκριτα υψηλότερος πνευματικός κόσμος.
Πιστεύουμε στην ύπαρξη των πνευματικών όντων που έχουν διάνοια πολύ πιο υψηλή
από ότι έχουμε εμείς οι άνθρωποι. Πιστεύουμε, με όλη την καρδιά μας, ότι πάνω
απ' αυτό τον πνευματικό και τον υλικό κόσμο υπάρχει Μέγας και Παντοδύναμος
Θεός.
Αυτό που εμείς αμφισβητούμε είναι το
δικαίωμα της επιστήμης να ερευνά με τις μεθόδους της τον πνευματικό κόσμο.
Διότι ο πνευματικός κόσμος δεν ερευνάται με τις μεθόδους που ερευνούμε τον
υλικό κόσμο. Οι μέθοδοι αυτές είναι εντελώς ακατάλληλες για να ερευνούμε μ'
αυτές τον πνευματικό κόσμο.
Από πού γνωρίζουμε ότι υπάρχει ο
πνευματικός κόσμος; Ποιος μας είπε ότι υπάρχει; Αν μας το ρωτήσουν οι άνθρωποι
που δεν πιστεύουν στη θεία αποκάλυψη θα τους απαντήσουμε το εξής, «μας το είπε
η καρδιά μας». Διότι υπάρχουν δύο τρόποι το να γνωρίσει κανείς κάτι, ο πρώτος
είναι αυτός για τον οποίο μιλάει ο Γέκκελ και τον οποίο χρησιμοποιεί η επιστήμη
για να γνωρίσει τον υλικό κόσμο. Υπάρχει όμως και ένας άλλος τρόπος που η
επιστήμη δεν τον ξέρει και δεν θέλει να τον ξέρει. Είναι η γνώση μέσω καρδιάς.
Η καρδιά μας δεν είναι μόνο το κεντρικό όργανο του κυκλοφοριακού συστήματος,
είναι και όργανο με το οποίο γνωρίζουμε τον άλλο κόσμο και αποκτάμε την ανώτατη
γνώση. Είναι το όργανο που μας δίνει την δυνατότητα να επικοινωνούμε με τον Θεό
και τον άνω κόσμο. Σ' αυτό μόνο εμείς διαφωνούμε με την επιστήμη.
Εκτιμώντας τις μεγάλες επιτυχίες και
τα κατορθώματα της επιστήμης, καθόλου δεν αμφισβητούμε την μεγάλη της σημασία
και δεν περιορίζουμε την επιστημονική γνώση. Εμείς λέμε μόνο στους επιστήμονες,
«δεν έχετε εσείς την δυνατότητα με τις μεθόδους σας να ερευνάτε τον πνευματικό
κόσμο, εμείς όμως μπορούμε να το κάνουμε με την καρδιά μας».
Υπάρχουν πολλά ανεξήγητα φαινόμενα
τα οποία όμως είναι αληθινά (όπως είναι αληθινό κάποιο φυσικό φαινόμενο) και
που αφορούν τον πνευματικό κόσμο. Υπάρχουν λοιπόν φαινόμενα, τα οποία η
επιστήμη ποτέ δεν θα μπορέσει να τα εξηγήσει γιατί δεν χρησιμοποιεί τις
κατάλληλες μεθόδους.
Ας μας εξηγήσει η επιστήμη πως
εμφανίστηκαν οι προφητείες για την έλευση του Μεσσία, οι οποίες όλες
πραγματοποιήθηκαν. Μπορεί να μας πει πως ο μεγάλος προφήτης Ησαΐας, 700 χρόνια
πριν την γέννηση του Χριστού προείπε τα πιο σημαντικά γεγονότα της ζωής Του,
και γι΄ αυτό ονομάστηκε ευαγγελιστής της Παλαιάς Διαθήκης; Να μας εξηγήσει την
διορατική χάρη που έχουν οι άγιοι και να μας πει με ποιες φυσικές μεθόδους
απέκτησαν οι άγιοι αυτή την χάρη και πως μπορούσαν μόλις έβλεπαν έναν άνθρωπο
άγνωστο, αμέσως να καταλαβαίνουν την καρδιά του και να διαβάζουν τις σκέψεις
του; Έβλεπαν τον άνθρωπο πρώτη φορά και τον καλούσαν με το όνομά του. Χωρίς να
περιμένουν από τον επισκέπτη ερώτηση έδιναν απάντηση σ' αυτά που τον
προβλημάτιζαν.
Αν μπορούν ας μας το εξηγήσουν αυτό.
Ας εξηγήσουν με ποιόν τρόπο προέλεγαν οι άγιοι τα μεγάλα ιστορικά γεγονότα τα
οποία με τον καιρό πραγματοποιούνταν ακριβώς όπως τα είχαν προφητέψει. Να μας
εξηγήσουν τις επισκέψεις από τον άλλο κόσμο και τις εμφανίσεις των νεκρών στους
ζωντανούς.
Δεν θα μας το εξηγήσουν ποτέ γιατί
βρίσκονται μακριά απ' αυτό που είναι η βάση της θρησκείας - από την πίστη. Αν
διαβάσετε τα βιβλία εκείνων από τους επιστήμονες που επιχειρούν να ανασκευάσουν
τη θρησκεία θα δείτε πόσο επιφανειακά αυτοί βλέπουν τα πράγματα. Δεν
καταλαβαίνουν την ουσία της θρησκείας και όμως την κρίνουν. Η κριτική τους δεν
αγγίζει την ουσία της πίστεως, την οποία αδυνατούν να καταλάβουν αλλά τους
τύπους, τις εκδηλώσεις δηλαδή του θρησκευτικού συναισθήματος. Την ουσία της
θρησκείας και της πίστεως δεν την καταλαβαίνουν. Γιατί όμως; Γιατί ο Κύριος
Ιησούς Χριστός λέει, «Ουδείς δύναται ελθείν προς με, εάν μη ο πατήρ ο πέμψας με
ελκύση αυτόν» (Ιω. 6, 44).
Πρέπει λοιπόν να μας ελκύσει ο
επουράνιος Πατέρας, πρέπει η χάρη του Αγίου Πνεύματος να φωτίσει την καρδιά και
το νου μας. Να κατοικήσει στην καρδιά και το νου μας, μέσω αυτής της φώτισης,
το Άγιο Πνεύμα και πρέπει αυτός που αξιώθηκε να λάβει αυτό το δώρο να αποκτήσει
την αγάπη του Χριστού τηρώντας τις εντολές του. Μόνο αυτοί που απέκτησαν το
Άγιο Πνεύμα, αυτοί που στην καρδιά τους κατοικεί ο Χριστός μαζί με τον Πατέρα
του, γνωρίζουν την ουσία της πίστεως. Οι άλλοι, οι έξω άνθρωποι, δεν την καταλαβαίνουν
καθόλου.
Ας ακούσουμε την κριτική κατά του
Γέκκελ ενός Γάλλου φιλοσόφου του Μπούτρου. Λέει λοιπόν το εξής ο Μπούτρου, «Η
κριτική του Γέκκελ πιο πολύ αφορά τους τύπους παρά την ουσία και τους τύπους
τους βλέπει από μια ματιά τόσο υλιστική και τόσο στενή που δεν μπορούν να τους
παραδεχτούν ούτε οι άνθρωποι που θρησκεύουν. Έτσι η κριτική της θρησκείας από
τον Γέκκελ δεν αναφέρεται ούτε σε μία από τις αρχές που πρεσβεύει η θρησκεία»,
Αυτή λοιπόν είναι η γνώμη μας
σχετικά με το βιβλίο του Γέκκελ «Τα μυστικά του κόσμου», το οποίο και μέχρι
σήμερα θεωρείται «ευαγγέλιο» για όλους αυτούς που ασκούν κριτική κατά της
θρησκείας, που την αρνούνται και την βρίσκουν αντίθετη προς την επιστήμη.
Βλέπετε πόσο φτωχά και ανούσια είναι τα επιχειρήματα που χρησιμοποιούν; Μην
σκανδαλίζεστε όταν ακούτε αυτά που λένε κατά της θρησκείας, αφού αυτοί που τα
λένε δεν καταλαβαίνουν την ουσία της. Εσείς οι απλοί άνθρωποι που δεν έχετε
πολλή σχέση με την επιστήμη και δεν γνωρίζετε πολλά από την φιλοσοφία να
θυμάστε πάντα την βασικότερη αρχή, την οποία πολύ καλά την γνώριζαν οι πρώτοι
χριστιανοί. Αυτοί θεωρούσαν δυστυχισμένο τον άνθρωπο που γνωρίζει όλες τις
επιστήμες, δεν γνωρίζει όμως τον Θεό. Και αντίθετα θεωρούσαν μακάριο αυτόν που
γνωρίζει τον Θεό, έστω και να μην γνώριζε απολύτως τίποτα από τα ανθρώπινα.
Να φυλάγετε αυτή την αλήθεια σαν το
μεγαλύτερο θησαυρό της καρδιάς σας, προχωράτε ευθεία και μην κοιτάζετε δεξιά
και αριστερά. Ας μην μας κάνουν, αυτά που ακούμε κατά της θρησκείας, να χάνουμε
τον προσανατολισμό μας. Να κρατάμε την πίστη μας που είναι αλήθεια αιώνια και
αναμφισβήτητη. Αμήν.
Αγίου Λουκά Αρχιεπισκόπου Κριμαίας
Λόγοι και Ομιλίες
Εκδόσεις "Ορθόδοξος Κυψέλη " Θεσσαλονίκη
Λόγοι και Ομιλίες
Εκδόσεις "Ορθόδοξος Κυψέλη " Θεσσαλονίκη
Saint Gregory of Nyssa-On The Faith

God commands us by His prophet not to esteem any new God to be God, and not to worship any strange God
. Now it is clear that that is called new which is not from
everlasting, and on the contrary, that is called everlasting which is
not new. He, then, who does not believe that the Only-begotten God is
from everlasting of the Father does not deny that He is new, for that
which is not everlasting is confessedly new; and that which is new is
not God, according to the saying of Scripture, "there shall not be in
thee any new God ." Therefore he who says that the Son "once was not ," denies His Godhead. Again, He Who says "thou shalt never worship a strange God
" forbids us to worship another God; and the strange God is so called
in contradistinction to our own God. Who, then, is our own God? Clearly,
the true God. And who is the strange God? Surely, he who is alien from
the nature of the true God. If, therefore, our own God is the true God,
and if, as the heretics say, the Only-begotten God is not of the nature
of the true God, He is a strange God, and not our God. But the Gospel
says, the sheep "will not follow a stranger
." He that says He is created will make Him alien from the nature of
the true God. What then will they do, who say that He is created? Do
they worship that same created being as God
, or do they not? For if they do not worship Him, they follow the Jews
in denying the worship of Christ: and if they do worship Him, they are
idolaters, for they worship one alien from the true God. But surely it
is equally impious not to worship the Son, and to worship the strange
God. We must then say that the Son is the true Son of the true Father,
that we may both worship Him, and avoid condemnation as worshipping a
strange God. But to those who quote from the Proverbs the passage, "the
Lord created me
," and think that they hereby produce a strong argument that the
Creator and Maker of all things was created, we must answer that the
Only-begotten God was made for us many things. For He was the
Word, and was made flesh; and He was God, and was made man; and He was
without body, and was made a body; and besides, He was made "sin," and
"a curse," and "a stone," and "an axe," and "bread," and "a lamb," and
"a way," and "a door," and "a rock," and many such things; not being by
nature any of these, but being made these things for our sakes, by way
of dispensation. As, therefore, being the Word, He was for our sakes
made flesh, and as, being God, He was made man, so also, being the
Creator, He was made for our sakes a creature; for the flesh is created.
As, then, He said by the prophet, "Thus saith the Lord, He that formed
me from the womb to be His servant ;" so He said also by Solomon, "The Lord created me as the beginning of His ways, for His works ." For all creation, as the Apostle says, is in servitude
. Therefore both He Who was formed in the Virgin's womb, according to
the word of the prophet, is the servant, and not the Lord (that is to
say, the man according to the flesh, in whom God was manifested), and
also, in the other passage, He Who was created as the beginning of His
ways is not God, but the man in whom God was manifested to us for the
renewing again of the ruined way of man's salvation. So that, since we
recognize two things in Christ, one Divine, the other human (the Divine
by nature, but the human in the Incarnation), we accordingly claim for
the Godhead that which is eternal, and that which is created we ascribe
to His human nature. For as, according to the prophet, He was formed in
the womb as a servant, so also, according to Solomon, He was manifested
in the flesh by means of this servile creation. But when they say, "if
He was, He was not begotten, and if He was begotten He was not," let
them learn that it is not fitting to ascribe to His Divine nature the
attributes which belong to His fleshly origin
. For bodies which do not exist, are generated, and God makes those
things to be which are not, but does not Himself come into being from
that which is not. And for this reason also Paul calls Him "the
brightness of glory
," that we may learn that as the light from the lamp is of the nature
of that which sheds the brightness, and is united with it (for as soon
as the lamp appears the light that comes from it shines out
simultaneously), so in this place the Apostle would have us consider
both that the Son is of the Father, and that the Father is never without
the Son; for it is impossible that glory should be without radiance, as
it is impossible that the lamp should be without brightness. But it is
clear that as His being brightness is a testimony to His being in
relation with the glory (for if the glory did not exist, the brightness
shed from it would not exist), so, to say that the brightness "once was
not
" is a declaration that the glory also was not, when the brightness was
not; for it is impossible that the glory should be without the
brightness. As therefore it is not possible to say in the case of the
brightness, "If it was, it did not come into being, and if it came into
being it was not," so it is in vain to say this of the Son, seeing that
the Son is the brightness. Let those also who speak of "less" and
"greater," in the case of the Father and the Son, learn from Paul not to
measure things immeasurable. For the Apostle says that the Son is the
express image of the Person of the Father
. It is clear then that however great the Person of the Father is, so
great also is the express image of that Person; for it is not possible
that the express image should be less than the Person contemplated in
it. And this the great John also teaches when he says, "In the beginning
was the Word, and the Word was with God
." For in saying that he was "in the beginning" and not "after the
beginning," he showed that the beginning was never without the Word; and
in declaring that "the Word was with God," he signified the absence of
defect in the Son in relation to the Father; for the Word is
contemplated as a whole together with the whole being of God. For if the
Word were deficient in His own greatness so as not to be capable of
relation with the whole being of God, we are compelled to suppose that
that part of God which extends beyond the Word is without the Word. But
in fact the whole magnitude of the Word is contemplated together with
the whole magnitude of God: and consequently in statements concerning
the Divine nature, it is not admissible to speak of "greater" and
"less."
As for those who say that the begotten is in its nature unlike the
unbegotten, let them learn from the example of Adam and Abel not to talk
nonsense. For Adam himself was not begotten according to the natural
generation of men; but Abel was begotten of Adam. Now, surely, he who
was never begotten is called unbegotten, and he who came into being by
generation is called begotten
; yet the fact that he was not begotten did not hinder Adam from being a
man, nor did the generation of Abel make him at all different from
man's nature, but both the one and the other were men, although the one
existed by being begotten, and the other without generation. So in the
case of our statements as to the Divine nature, the fact of not being
begotten, and that of being begotten, produce no diversity of nature,
but, just as in the case of Adam and Abel the manhood is one, so is the
Godhead one in the case of the Father and the Son.
Now touching the Holy Spirit also the blasphemers make the same
statement as they do concerning the Lord, saying that He too is created.
But the Church believes, as concerning the Son, so equally concerning
the Holy Spirit, that He is uncreated, and that the whole creation
becomes good by participation in the good which is above it, while the
Holy Spirit needs not any to make Him good (seeing that He is good by
virtue of His nature, as the Scripture testifies)
; that the creation is guided by the Spirit, while the Spirit gives
guidance; that the creation is governed, while the Spirit governs; that
the creation is comforted, while the Spirit comforts; that the creation
is in bondage, while the Spirit gives freedom; that the creation is made
wise, while the Spirit gives the grace of wisdom; that the creation
partakes of the gifts, while the Spirit bestows them at His pleasure:
"For all these worketh that one and the self-same Spirit, dividing to
every man severally as He will
." And one may find multitudes of other proofs from the Scriptures that
all the supreme and Divine attributes which are applied by the
Scriptures to the Father and the Son are also to be contemplated in the
Holy Spirit:-immortality, blessedness, goodness, wisdom, power, justice,
holiness- every excellent attribute is predicated of the Holy Spirit
just as it is predicated of the Father and of the Son, with the
exception of those by which the Persons are clearly and distinctly
divided from each other; I mean, that the Holy Spirit is not called the
Father, or the Son; but all other names by which the Father and the Son
are named are applied by Scripture to the Holy Spirit also. By this,
then, we apprehend that the Holy Spirit is above creation. Thus, where
the Father and the Son are understood to be, there the Holy Spirit also
is understood to be; for the Father and the Son are above creation, and
this attribute the drift of our argument claims for the Holy Spirit. So
it follows, that one who places the Holy Spirit above the creation has
received the right and sound doctrine: for he will confess that
uncreated nature which we behold in the Father and the Son and the Holy
Spirit to be one.
But since they bring forward as a proof,according to their ideas, of
the created nature of the Holy Spirit, that utterance of the prophet,
which says, "He that stablisheth the thunder and createth the spirit,
and declareth unto man His Christs,
," we must consider this, that the prophet speaks of the creation of
another Spirit, in the stablishing of the thunder, and not of the Holy
Spirit. For the name of "thunder" is given in mystical language to the
Gospel. Those, then, in whom arises firm and unshaken faith in the
Gospel, pass from being flesh to become spirit, as the Lord says, "That
which is born of the flesh is flesh, and that which is born of the
Spirit is spirit
." It is God, then, Who by stablishing the voice of the Gospel makes
the believer spirit: and he who is born of the Spirit and made spirit by
such thunder, "declares" Christ; as the Apostle says, "No man can say
that Jesus Christ is Lord but by the Holy Spirit ."
Thursday, 27 December 2012
St. Gregory of Nyssa on St. Stephen the Protomartyr (Homily one)
St Stephen the Protomartyr
By St. Gregory of Nyssa
How lovely is the inspiration exhibited by those who are good, and how sweet is the joy which they disclose! See, we acquire a feast from a feast and grace from grace. Yesterday the Lord of the universe welcomed us whereas today it is the imitator [Stephen] of the Lord. How are they related to each other? One assumed human nature on our behalf while the other shed it for his Lord. One accepted the cave of this life for us, and the other left it for him. One was wrapped in swaddling clothes for us, and the other was stoned for him. One destroyed death, and the other scorned it.
Brethren, let us hasten to the stadium where the great athlete contends against the wicked adversary of human life by stripping himself in the arena by his confession [of faith] [cf. 1Cor 4.9]. Indeed, as Paul has said [Heb 12.4], Stephen [Stephanos] has become a spectacle to the world, angels and to men. He was the first to have received the crown [stephanos] of martyrdom, the first to have paved the way for the chorus of martyrs and the first to have resisted sin to the point of shedding blood. It seems to me that the entire host of transcendent powers, angels, and myriads both assist and accompany them [i.e., the martyrs]. If we hear anything honorable in the heavens from among the principalities, powers, thrones, ruling forces and the entire heavenly assembly, their words provide an athletic spectacle by contending with an opponent [cf. Col 1.16 & Eph 1.21].
Let human life resemble a stadium for the contestants where one person contends against another. That antagonist which showed himself hostile to human life from the fall of our first parents until the time of Stephen strove to be victorious over men, yet the great athlete of faith considered his assaults as nothing [cf. Wis 2.24]. Both took up arms against each other: the inventor of death confronted a threat to death, whereas the disciple of life confessed his faith. For who could not help but admire this new type of struggle when truth judged between life and death chronicled the truth? For while the herald of a life hidden [in God] remained unknown, he nevertheless divulged it to men. At once he forsook this life and rightly judged it better to exchange a more honorable life for the present one.
It would be beneficial to accurately record his contest in order to disclose the order of our method by a series of miracles. Recently a powerful wind from heaven scattered every airy, deceptive power of the demons and filled the Apostles' house. Tongues of fire resided in each man corresponding with the number of those who received the grace of the Spirit. All were overcome by shock and confusion with the widely diverse languages immediately which the disciples spoke according to the sound and wonder of tongues and to the astonishment of those from every nation who were dwelling in Jerusalem [cf. Acts 2.2-5]. This was not a result of training and study but was a gift in the form of speaking which suddenly came from the Spirit's [J.705] inspiration. Those engaged in constructing an earthly tower must speak the [J.78] same language when building the church's spiritual dwelling. And so, the Holy Spirit's wonderful dispensation introduced grace in order to diffuse it, thereby providing a common benefit for everyone through the medium of the human voice. In this way the preaching of piety might not be limited to one tongue and remain unprofitable for those persons who spoke various tongues.
Even at this early point the Pharisees did not believe with their own ears and concocted to trip up persons astonished by these miraculous events as though new wine had made them [the Apostles] insane [cf. Acts 2.13]. Then Peter's solitary defense captured three thousand souls for Christ [cf. Acts 2.41], after which the church grew in the number of those who had been delivered. Those who were saved opened the temple's Beautiful Gate for the man born lame [cf. Acts 3.2ff] because his miraculous healing both increased and led to the faith persons lame in soul. As a result, many flocked when the faith was preached and sought help from the diverse profusion of grace at which point Stephen, who was wealthy in wisdom and grace by the Spirit, was summoned to assist the Apostles [cf. Acts 6.5]. Let no one think that the name of minister [diakonia] made him inferior to the dignity of the Apostles. Since Paul realized that he was a minister of the mysteries of Christ [cf. 1 Cor 4.1] and the Lord of the universe brought salvation by assuming human , he was not ashamed to be called a minister. As the Apostle says, he was in their midst as one who serves [cf. Lk 22.27] and as one who provides a variety of ministries [cf. 1 Cor 12.5-6].
Just as fire consumes useful material and bright flames rise on high, so did the Holy Spirit make the rays of grace shine brighter through Stephen's nobility. Similarly, all turned to him because he was gifted with knowledge and training. Those few persons who gathered together seemed to be a dense crowd much like a phalanx which attempted to assail Stephen who was equally serene whether in the company of many or few persons. Then certain persons under the guise of Alexandrians, Libertinians, Cyrenians and men from every place engaged the athlete in a debate regarding the truth. The father of lies assumed a human form and rose against truth which Stephen had spoken [cf. Jn 8.44]. However, the truth brought forth trophies against such lies, and its excellence wonderfully put to flight every assault of deception. The minister of truth sought the truth about the enemy who concealed his substance; rather, he made the truth appear as something which lacks substance.
How does this ruse affect the preacher? I believe that it comes from the devil. If any of you shares his strength, the truth destroys it in Stephen. But if that truth is loftier than your machinations, why are you deceitfully planning evil against the vessel of truth in order to destroy what remains of it? Dogs do this when they open their mouths for stones cast to them, yet they cannot touch the person whom threw them. Since true facts repulsed such a lie and could no longer find another champion of deception, all who looked squarely at the manifest truth remembered his own struggle. Stephen directed his energy against his accusers who passed judgment upon him, for they brought false accusations against him while being marked by rage and slander. The Jews brought various accusers against Stephen including judges who were either elected or who were subservient to death and did not know the impact of a ruinous vote levelled against Stephen. For just as experienced athletes bring down their more formidable opponents through vigorous training and thereby make them fall, so did the great Stephen who lay prostrate upon the ground overcome his adversary with difficultly.
From this point began the Apostles' journey throughout the entire world and their preaching. If it were not for [Stephen's] murder and the Jews' rage against the Apostles, perhaps the grace of the Gospel would have been confined to the inhabitants of Jerusalem. Having been driven out by the Jews to another nation, the teaching of the [Christian] mysteries expelled the devil from the world. Thus Samaria received the preaching [cf. Acts 8.14]; salvation reached the eunuch through Philip [Acts 8.26ff]; Paul was a great vessel of election armed against the devil's wrath and his threats against whose arrows he raised a shield [Acts 9.15], thereby abolishing him from the entire earth and making all places accessible to the faith of Christ. As a result, Egyptians, Syrians, Parthians, Mesopotamians, Galatians, Illurians, Macedonians as well as nations from everywhere hastened to hear the preaching. Do you see Stephen's athletic prowess and how the adversary was brought down to ruin although he appeared more excellent than his adversary by making false accusations?
But let us return again to the stadium. How do the calumniators enflame the people? They say, "He does not cease to speak words against this holy place and the Law. For we have heard him say that this Jesus of Nazareth will destroy this place and will change the customs which Moses handed down to us" [Acts 6.13-14]. Such is the allegation presented by the devil's speech, but who pays attention to such rubbish? Against whom do they rage so vehemently and what evil can they detect in his words? They even brought forth another indictment against [Stephen] claiming that he boasted that this place would be destroyed and that the institutes of Moses would be changed. What outrage doe these words contain whether they happen to be true or false? If false, there is no cause for alarm; if true, what unjust ground is there for denunciation? For what had transpired will indeed happen again whether or not we remain silent. Can the murder of him who was denounced earlier relieve persons who are grieving? For example, Jesus the Nazarene was condemned by the same vote of reprisal levelled against Stephen. If he who is unjust vents his wrath, gives place to injustice and alters customs, Stephen is not responsible for these acts but it is Jesus, as the accuser says, and the court is compelled to pass judgement against him who is accused. Oh, what an unfair verdict for those who are listening! Since Jesus, says the judge, changes the laws, Stephen should then [J.83] be stoned. How did Jesus abrogate the Law when he affirmed its antiquity by saying, "I did not come to abolish the Law but to fulfill it" [Mt 5.17]? Who strengthened his disciples according to the Law? He forbade them to become angry and to commit murder [cf. Mt 5.21-22], rejected adultery out of desire [cf. Mt 5.39], ordered that grief not be repaid since unjust hands cannot lay hold of you [cf. Mt 6.19ff] and wiped out passion, a result of greed, and taught mastery over it. Why were these neither mentioned nor examined when judgement was passed? I do not wish the crowd of those bloodstained judges to be present and do not want to know about places associated with such malevolent persons, the celebrated temple's location, the huge amount of stones, the gold left over which equalled the small amount left in the temple, the sacrifices according to the Law such as the ram, calf, lamb, heifer, dove, turtle-dove and he-goat for averting evil [cf. Lev 16.20ff]. Therefore if they condemn Stephen to death in order to deflect their sadness, they reveal their fruits through that terrible murder. If nothing is left, they claim that the vote counts, not the murder.
But let us see in the succeeding struggles how he who was covered by stones as if they were snow had warded off his murderers and how he returned a variety of thunderbolts against those who cast stones. The Jews knew the Christians' weapons which the great Stephen used to ward off their attacks and who made it the law of life. They were all fierce, standing in a circle, looked at him with a hysterical gaze and brandished a weapon against Stephen in their hands. However, he resembled a priest according to the spiritual law, was a pure sacrifice, submissive, and offered his own body instead of an offering of sprinkled blood. He saw God in the celestial sanctuary, made petition on behalf of those who mistreated him, exchanged their bloodthirstiness for a good deed and cried out in their ears, "Lord, do not hold this sin against them" [Acts 7.60]. By this prayer he expiated their sin which the murderers committed by their transgression and who were exasperated at his prayer. However, this did not prevent them from casting stones until the great Stephen fell into a sweet, blessed sleep as though he were surrounded by tender flowers or by gentle dew.
The athletes have achieved victory before we see those crowned who had engaged in fierce struggles since before seeing the contest, we have attained the goal of their struggles. I believe that we must not neglect them without mentioning the outstanding nature of their witness. This gathering of murderers was so filled with rage that they resorted to bloodshed; their evil was so strong that it restricted their breathing; their glance, appearance and passion was manifested by their teeth as divine Scripture says concerning enraged hearts which gnashed their teeth against him [cf. Acts 7.54]. Being in their midst, he girded himself against their hostile, murderous intent, surmounted their contemptuous intentions, resisted their wrath with patience and their threats with disdain, the fear of death with contempt, hatred with love, ill-will with benevolence and slander with truth.
Not only did the true athlete reveal one type of victory but combatted by countless virtues every form of evil which the Jews devised, thereby resulting in victory. I hear about various contests of strength in gymnasiums when athletes strip themselves naked in the arena and achieve victory against their contenders. Such martyrs are sovereign in the stadium, resisting with their own power every adversary and are as a beacon of triumph for all to see. The false wisdom of the Libertinians, Cyreninas and sages [J.86] from Alexandria [Acts 6.9] contend against him who is triumphant through true wisdom: courage overcomes fear, disdain conquers threats, charity subdues savagery and truth is victorious over falsehood. They sought to murder him, and their hands were already armed with stones; their glance and breathing through their teeth [M.713] held tightly together revealed their brutality. Nevertheless, he saw them as brothers and greeted them as fathers saying, "Men, brothers and fathers, listen [Acts 7.2]!"
They persuasively devised all sorts of calumny by convening a council of murderers against the truth. [Stephen] neither reproved them out of fear, was unconcerned with impending dangers nor did he consider death; rather, having his soul raised on high and appearing as though her were senseless to everyone gazing upon him, he taught them as though they were foolish children and demonstrated the error of their doctrines with regard to faith. In their presence [Stephen] briefly recounted the story of Abraham as well as the saints who followed him [cf. Acts 7.2-7]. He also added Moses, his birth, upbringing, education, initiation on the mountain, smiting the Egyptians, service to the Israelites and prophesy concerning the mystery of the Lord [cf. Acts 7.20-22, 30, 34, 36-37]. What especially incited this group and [J.87] fomented their illness was that Moses to whom they were especially devoted was a mentor for their teaching. They rose up against him in order to quiet him, something which Stephen desired in order to end his bitterness. He exited human nature and before he left the body, with pure eyes gazed upon heaven's gates and the temple's interior, the revelation of divine glory and the effulgence of his glory [cf. Acts 7.55-56]. The stamp of the Father's glory [cf. Heb 1.3] could not be described, and the athlete saw his brilliance among men which accommodated itself to human nature. Thus being outside human nature, he shared the angelic nature which seemed like a miracle to these murderers. His face was changed to assume that of the angels and seeing invisible reality, he proclaimed the grace he had beheld [cf. Acts 7.56]. But they blocked their ears and did not wish to see this with their eyes, preferring their own self-righteous since they were not capable of hearing this divine report. However, he shared the grace with those present although he alone was worthy of it: "I see the heavens open and the Son of Man standing at God's right hand" [Acts 7.57]. They exclaimed with a great voice, blocked their ears and unanimously rushed upon him. History recounts a similar uproar in order to show how their actions coincide with the Sodomites, for the judge [God] hears their wicked cry when he says, "The cry of the inhabitants of Sodom and Gomorrah have reached me" [Gen 18.20-21]. Therefore they shouted out in order that the cry against Stephen might be heard.
The athlete fully realized the benefit hidden beneath the murderers' bitterness because they who stood in a circle ready to stone him provided him with a crown much like a victor's crown plaited at enemy hands. Therefore [Stephen] warded off their murderous intent by a blessing and being fully aware of their plan to slay him, was prepared to suffer death at their hands. Furthermore, he believed that his enemies had the opportunity of conferring a benefit upon him. For this reason the person who knows Christ wishes to bring his enemies into submission. [Stephen] knew that the Lawgiver was patient, recalled his command to love one's enemies, to do good to those who bear hatred and to pray for one's enemies [cf. Mt 5.44]. But the athlete's goal does not consider human glory; rather, he seeks to overcome the entire world by the magnificence of his triumph and to outstrip human endurance, thereby rejecting every type of praise.
Although [Stephen] acquires victory in accord with every human manner of praise, we should pay attention to the narrative which pertains to the salvation of souls. Just as there are some athletes who have ceased their activity and train youths for athletic competitions through skillful technical maneuvers to vanquish their adversaries, so I think we should be trained by the great Stephen in piety that we might escape the grips of spiritual adversaries [pneumatomachoi]. For those who are mad with rage detract from the Spirit's glory claiming that Stephen is an advocate of their error when he gazed intently at heaven and saw God's glory and Jesus standing at his right hand [Acts 7.55]. They claimed that he perverted the teachings of piety when, if the Spirit should be included along with the Father and Son, why did not Stephen see in his vision the Spirit with the Son? Therefore how did Stephen cause such distress by uttering these words with his hands outstretched? How does his reasonable tactics counteract such distressing words since he countered the incredulity of his adversaries at that very spot? Do you seek, oh pneumatichos, when the Father's glory appears and the Son stands at his right, the location of the Spirit? If the Spirit were present within you, you would not fail to notice what is proposed [of the Spirit] much like those with defective vision who are ignorant of gold lying at their feet. At any rate I have now gotten wind of this and [desire] that you do not subscribe to the rumor devised by the Jews.
How did Stephen see transcendent glory? Who laid bare heaven's gates for him? Was this the work of men? Which of the angels enabled inferior [human] nature soar to that height? Stephen was not alone when he was generously filled with power coming from the angels which enabled him to see what he saw. What was recorded? "Stephen was filled with the Holy Spirit and saw the glory of God and his Only-Begotten Son" [Acts 7.55]. As the Prophet says, light cannot be seen unless one is filled with light: "In your light we shall see light" [Ps 35.10] (If observation of the light does not share this same light, how can anyone deprived of the sun's rays see it?). Since the Father's light makes this possible, the Only Begotten [Son's] light emanates through the Holy Spirit which makes it visible. Therefore the Spirit's glory enables us to perceive the glory of both the Father and Son. But can we say that the Gospel is true which says that "No man has ever seen God" [Jn 1.18]? How do the Apostle's words agree with the following, "No man has seen nor can see [God]" [1Tm 6.16]? If human nature and power can perceive the glory of the Father and Son, their vision must indeed be mistaken. However, history is true and cannot lie. The evil deed of the pneumatomachoi is indeed made clear because Scripture bears witness to similar situations. For Stephen beholds God not in human nature and power but is united by grace to the Holy Spirit who elevates him in order to comprehend God. Therefore, one cannot say that Jesus is Lord apart from the Spirit, as the Apostle says [cf. 1 Tm 6.16, 1Cor 12.3]. One cannot contemplate the Father's glory because where the Spirit is the Son is seen and is grasped the Father's glory.
But history presents us with another problem, namely, the weapon of impiety coming from the Christomachoi who condemn the Only Begotten [Son], for they consider the One present in the Father's glory to be inferior to his authority. What about Paul? How shall I answer them? What does the prophet David who lived earlier say when he explained the glory of the Only Begotten [Son] by the teaching of the Spirit? David says, "The Lord said to my Lord, `Sit at my right hand'" [Ps 109.1]. The Apostle says that the Lord is seated at the right hand of God's throne [Col 3.1, Heb 1.3]. If this represents either a place of inferiority or a seat of honor, testimony concerning [J.92] its magnificence is added in order to signify the loftiness of honor and the reception of true piety. For the Spirit's grace teaches all these things. Stephen, being filled with the Holy Spirit, saw everything and spoke about what he knew. While in the Spirit, David calls "Lord" as the Gospel says [Mt 22.43]; when Paul, speaks of him, he mentions mysteries in the Spirit [1 Cor 14.2]. Therefore if there is one teacher who is in complete harmony, the teaching is the Spirit of truth which was present in divinely inspired persons. Then how can any dissonance be present in teachings? But there is another seat and position which I can easily point out and will now mention it. Instead of showing concern for the body, these words should refer to what is incorporeal. With regard to man, the seat signifies that part of the body's hips which enables it not to continuously bear strain and thereby become weighed down and crooked. On the other hand, an upright position upon one's knees signifies that a person does not rest upon his hips when seated. But when it comes to transcendent nature, sitting and standing have no place with such concepts since each is separate and should be understood respectively. We neither subscribe to a bent position regarding incorporeal nature nor a sitting down with regard to what is formless; rather, we devoutly understand that each represents stability and being unmoved in every good. For standing and sitting apply to God and do not pertain to a difference of words concerning concepts which teach that God is firmly standing and sitting unmoved in the good. The prophet David and the apostle Paul do not comprehend the sitting of the Only Begotten [Son] in the same manner because the Father is standing and the Son is sitting. Indeed, by mentioning only the fact that the Son is sitting, Scripture tells us about the standing of the Son and no longer suggests the sitting of the Father. For just as Paul and David both confessed the Father sitting through the Son's standing at his right, indeed nothing is taught beforehand concerning the Father which is also true regarding Stephen where the Son is standing and revealed in the Father's glory. Thus this image is valid if it appears to be a satisfactory archetype. Goodness is present in what is good, light is present in the light it reflects and primeval beauty is present in everything supported by an appropriate image. Thus we should clearly understand the image of the Son's sitting, the Father's sitting and the standing in the standing which differs from the archetype's properties.
Brothers, you should ponder our words and thoughts and hold them as introductory remarks since Stephen's vision provokes reflection. We are not only spectators of Stephen's contest but since we are full of the Holy Spirit, we share his grace and eradicate adversaries for the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ to whom be glory and power forever and ever. Amen.
How lovely is the inspiration exhibited by those who are good, and how sweet is the joy which they disclose! See, we acquire a feast from a feast and grace from grace. Yesterday the Lord of the universe welcomed us whereas today it is the imitator [Stephen] of the Lord. How are they related to each other? One assumed human nature on our behalf while the other shed it for his Lord. One accepted the cave of this life for us, and the other left it for him. One was wrapped in swaddling clothes for us, and the other was stoned for him. One destroyed death, and the other scorned it.
Brethren, let us hasten to the stadium where the great athlete contends against the wicked adversary of human life by stripping himself in the arena by his confession [of faith] [cf. 1Cor 4.9]. Indeed, as Paul has said [Heb 12.4], Stephen [Stephanos] has become a spectacle to the world, angels and to men. He was the first to have received the crown [stephanos] of martyrdom, the first to have paved the way for the chorus of martyrs and the first to have resisted sin to the point of shedding blood. It seems to me that the entire host of transcendent powers, angels, and myriads both assist and accompany them [i.e., the martyrs]. If we hear anything honorable in the heavens from among the principalities, powers, thrones, ruling forces and the entire heavenly assembly, their words provide an athletic spectacle by contending with an opponent [cf. Col 1.16 & Eph 1.21].
Let human life resemble a stadium for the contestants where one person contends against another. That antagonist which showed himself hostile to human life from the fall of our first parents until the time of Stephen strove to be victorious over men, yet the great athlete of faith considered his assaults as nothing [cf. Wis 2.24]. Both took up arms against each other: the inventor of death confronted a threat to death, whereas the disciple of life confessed his faith. For who could not help but admire this new type of struggle when truth judged between life and death chronicled the truth? For while the herald of a life hidden [in God] remained unknown, he nevertheless divulged it to men. At once he forsook this life and rightly judged it better to exchange a more honorable life for the present one.
It would be beneficial to accurately record his contest in order to disclose the order of our method by a series of miracles. Recently a powerful wind from heaven scattered every airy, deceptive power of the demons and filled the Apostles' house. Tongues of fire resided in each man corresponding with the number of those who received the grace of the Spirit. All were overcome by shock and confusion with the widely diverse languages immediately which the disciples spoke according to the sound and wonder of tongues and to the astonishment of those from every nation who were dwelling in Jerusalem [cf. Acts 2.2-5]. This was not a result of training and study but was a gift in the form of speaking which suddenly came from the Spirit's [J.705] inspiration. Those engaged in constructing an earthly tower must speak the [J.78] same language when building the church's spiritual dwelling. And so, the Holy Spirit's wonderful dispensation introduced grace in order to diffuse it, thereby providing a common benefit for everyone through the medium of the human voice. In this way the preaching of piety might not be limited to one tongue and remain unprofitable for those persons who spoke various tongues.
Even at this early point the Pharisees did not believe with their own ears and concocted to trip up persons astonished by these miraculous events as though new wine had made them [the Apostles] insane [cf. Acts 2.13]. Then Peter's solitary defense captured three thousand souls for Christ [cf. Acts 2.41], after which the church grew in the number of those who had been delivered. Those who were saved opened the temple's Beautiful Gate for the man born lame [cf. Acts 3.2ff] because his miraculous healing both increased and led to the faith persons lame in soul. As a result, many flocked when the faith was preached and sought help from the diverse profusion of grace at which point Stephen, who was wealthy in wisdom and grace by the Spirit, was summoned to assist the Apostles [cf. Acts 6.5]. Let no one think that the name of minister [diakonia] made him inferior to the dignity of the Apostles. Since Paul realized that he was a minister of the mysteries of Christ [cf. 1 Cor 4.1] and the Lord of the universe brought salvation by assuming human , he was not ashamed to be called a minister. As the Apostle says, he was in their midst as one who serves [cf. Lk 22.27] and as one who provides a variety of ministries [cf. 1 Cor 12.5-6].
Just as fire consumes useful material and bright flames rise on high, so did the Holy Spirit make the rays of grace shine brighter through Stephen's nobility. Similarly, all turned to him because he was gifted with knowledge and training. Those few persons who gathered together seemed to be a dense crowd much like a phalanx which attempted to assail Stephen who was equally serene whether in the company of many or few persons. Then certain persons under the guise of Alexandrians, Libertinians, Cyrenians and men from every place engaged the athlete in a debate regarding the truth. The father of lies assumed a human form and rose against truth which Stephen had spoken [cf. Jn 8.44]. However, the truth brought forth trophies against such lies, and its excellence wonderfully put to flight every assault of deception. The minister of truth sought the truth about the enemy who concealed his substance; rather, he made the truth appear as something which lacks substance.
How does this ruse affect the preacher? I believe that it comes from the devil. If any of you shares his strength, the truth destroys it in Stephen. But if that truth is loftier than your machinations, why are you deceitfully planning evil against the vessel of truth in order to destroy what remains of it? Dogs do this when they open their mouths for stones cast to them, yet they cannot touch the person whom threw them. Since true facts repulsed such a lie and could no longer find another champion of deception, all who looked squarely at the manifest truth remembered his own struggle. Stephen directed his energy against his accusers who passed judgment upon him, for they brought false accusations against him while being marked by rage and slander. The Jews brought various accusers against Stephen including judges who were either elected or who were subservient to death and did not know the impact of a ruinous vote levelled against Stephen. For just as experienced athletes bring down their more formidable opponents through vigorous training and thereby make them fall, so did the great Stephen who lay prostrate upon the ground overcome his adversary with difficultly.
From this point began the Apostles' journey throughout the entire world and their preaching. If it were not for [Stephen's] murder and the Jews' rage against the Apostles, perhaps the grace of the Gospel would have been confined to the inhabitants of Jerusalem. Having been driven out by the Jews to another nation, the teaching of the [Christian] mysteries expelled the devil from the world. Thus Samaria received the preaching [cf. Acts 8.14]; salvation reached the eunuch through Philip [Acts 8.26ff]; Paul was a great vessel of election armed against the devil's wrath and his threats against whose arrows he raised a shield [Acts 9.15], thereby abolishing him from the entire earth and making all places accessible to the faith of Christ. As a result, Egyptians, Syrians, Parthians, Mesopotamians, Galatians, Illurians, Macedonians as well as nations from everywhere hastened to hear the preaching. Do you see Stephen's athletic prowess and how the adversary was brought down to ruin although he appeared more excellent than his adversary by making false accusations?
But let us return again to the stadium. How do the calumniators enflame the people? They say, "He does not cease to speak words against this holy place and the Law. For we have heard him say that this Jesus of Nazareth will destroy this place and will change the customs which Moses handed down to us" [Acts 6.13-14]. Such is the allegation presented by the devil's speech, but who pays attention to such rubbish? Against whom do they rage so vehemently and what evil can they detect in his words? They even brought forth another indictment against [Stephen] claiming that he boasted that this place would be destroyed and that the institutes of Moses would be changed. What outrage doe these words contain whether they happen to be true or false? If false, there is no cause for alarm; if true, what unjust ground is there for denunciation? For what had transpired will indeed happen again whether or not we remain silent. Can the murder of him who was denounced earlier relieve persons who are grieving? For example, Jesus the Nazarene was condemned by the same vote of reprisal levelled against Stephen. If he who is unjust vents his wrath, gives place to injustice and alters customs, Stephen is not responsible for these acts but it is Jesus, as the accuser says, and the court is compelled to pass judgement against him who is accused. Oh, what an unfair verdict for those who are listening! Since Jesus, says the judge, changes the laws, Stephen should then [J.83] be stoned. How did Jesus abrogate the Law when he affirmed its antiquity by saying, "I did not come to abolish the Law but to fulfill it" [Mt 5.17]? Who strengthened his disciples according to the Law? He forbade them to become angry and to commit murder [cf. Mt 5.21-22], rejected adultery out of desire [cf. Mt 5.39], ordered that grief not be repaid since unjust hands cannot lay hold of you [cf. Mt 6.19ff] and wiped out passion, a result of greed, and taught mastery over it. Why were these neither mentioned nor examined when judgement was passed? I do not wish the crowd of those bloodstained judges to be present and do not want to know about places associated with such malevolent persons, the celebrated temple's location, the huge amount of stones, the gold left over which equalled the small amount left in the temple, the sacrifices according to the Law such as the ram, calf, lamb, heifer, dove, turtle-dove and he-goat for averting evil [cf. Lev 16.20ff]. Therefore if they condemn Stephen to death in order to deflect their sadness, they reveal their fruits through that terrible murder. If nothing is left, they claim that the vote counts, not the murder.
But let us see in the succeeding struggles how he who was covered by stones as if they were snow had warded off his murderers and how he returned a variety of thunderbolts against those who cast stones. The Jews knew the Christians' weapons which the great Stephen used to ward off their attacks and who made it the law of life. They were all fierce, standing in a circle, looked at him with a hysterical gaze and brandished a weapon against Stephen in their hands. However, he resembled a priest according to the spiritual law, was a pure sacrifice, submissive, and offered his own body instead of an offering of sprinkled blood. He saw God in the celestial sanctuary, made petition on behalf of those who mistreated him, exchanged their bloodthirstiness for a good deed and cried out in their ears, "Lord, do not hold this sin against them" [Acts 7.60]. By this prayer he expiated their sin which the murderers committed by their transgression and who were exasperated at his prayer. However, this did not prevent them from casting stones until the great Stephen fell into a sweet, blessed sleep as though he were surrounded by tender flowers or by gentle dew.
The athletes have achieved victory before we see those crowned who had engaged in fierce struggles since before seeing the contest, we have attained the goal of their struggles. I believe that we must not neglect them without mentioning the outstanding nature of their witness. This gathering of murderers was so filled with rage that they resorted to bloodshed; their evil was so strong that it restricted their breathing; their glance, appearance and passion was manifested by their teeth as divine Scripture says concerning enraged hearts which gnashed their teeth against him [cf. Acts 7.54]. Being in their midst, he girded himself against their hostile, murderous intent, surmounted their contemptuous intentions, resisted their wrath with patience and their threats with disdain, the fear of death with contempt, hatred with love, ill-will with benevolence and slander with truth.
Not only did the true athlete reveal one type of victory but combatted by countless virtues every form of evil which the Jews devised, thereby resulting in victory. I hear about various contests of strength in gymnasiums when athletes strip themselves naked in the arena and achieve victory against their contenders. Such martyrs are sovereign in the stadium, resisting with their own power every adversary and are as a beacon of triumph for all to see. The false wisdom of the Libertinians, Cyreninas and sages [J.86] from Alexandria [Acts 6.9] contend against him who is triumphant through true wisdom: courage overcomes fear, disdain conquers threats, charity subdues savagery and truth is victorious over falsehood. They sought to murder him, and their hands were already armed with stones; their glance and breathing through their teeth [M.713] held tightly together revealed their brutality. Nevertheless, he saw them as brothers and greeted them as fathers saying, "Men, brothers and fathers, listen [Acts 7.2]!"
They persuasively devised all sorts of calumny by convening a council of murderers against the truth. [Stephen] neither reproved them out of fear, was unconcerned with impending dangers nor did he consider death; rather, having his soul raised on high and appearing as though her were senseless to everyone gazing upon him, he taught them as though they were foolish children and demonstrated the error of their doctrines with regard to faith. In their presence [Stephen] briefly recounted the story of Abraham as well as the saints who followed him [cf. Acts 7.2-7]. He also added Moses, his birth, upbringing, education, initiation on the mountain, smiting the Egyptians, service to the Israelites and prophesy concerning the mystery of the Lord [cf. Acts 7.20-22, 30, 34, 36-37]. What especially incited this group and [J.87] fomented their illness was that Moses to whom they were especially devoted was a mentor for their teaching. They rose up against him in order to quiet him, something which Stephen desired in order to end his bitterness. He exited human nature and before he left the body, with pure eyes gazed upon heaven's gates and the temple's interior, the revelation of divine glory and the effulgence of his glory [cf. Acts 7.55-56]. The stamp of the Father's glory [cf. Heb 1.3] could not be described, and the athlete saw his brilliance among men which accommodated itself to human nature. Thus being outside human nature, he shared the angelic nature which seemed like a miracle to these murderers. His face was changed to assume that of the angels and seeing invisible reality, he proclaimed the grace he had beheld [cf. Acts 7.56]. But they blocked their ears and did not wish to see this with their eyes, preferring their own self-righteous since they were not capable of hearing this divine report. However, he shared the grace with those present although he alone was worthy of it: "I see the heavens open and the Son of Man standing at God's right hand" [Acts 7.57]. They exclaimed with a great voice, blocked their ears and unanimously rushed upon him. History recounts a similar uproar in order to show how their actions coincide with the Sodomites, for the judge [God] hears their wicked cry when he says, "The cry of the inhabitants of Sodom and Gomorrah have reached me" [Gen 18.20-21]. Therefore they shouted out in order that the cry against Stephen might be heard.
The athlete fully realized the benefit hidden beneath the murderers' bitterness because they who stood in a circle ready to stone him provided him with a crown much like a victor's crown plaited at enemy hands. Therefore [Stephen] warded off their murderous intent by a blessing and being fully aware of their plan to slay him, was prepared to suffer death at their hands. Furthermore, he believed that his enemies had the opportunity of conferring a benefit upon him. For this reason the person who knows Christ wishes to bring his enemies into submission. [Stephen] knew that the Lawgiver was patient, recalled his command to love one's enemies, to do good to those who bear hatred and to pray for one's enemies [cf. Mt 5.44]. But the athlete's goal does not consider human glory; rather, he seeks to overcome the entire world by the magnificence of his triumph and to outstrip human endurance, thereby rejecting every type of praise.
Although [Stephen] acquires victory in accord with every human manner of praise, we should pay attention to the narrative which pertains to the salvation of souls. Just as there are some athletes who have ceased their activity and train youths for athletic competitions through skillful technical maneuvers to vanquish their adversaries, so I think we should be trained by the great Stephen in piety that we might escape the grips of spiritual adversaries [pneumatomachoi]. For those who are mad with rage detract from the Spirit's glory claiming that Stephen is an advocate of their error when he gazed intently at heaven and saw God's glory and Jesus standing at his right hand [Acts 7.55]. They claimed that he perverted the teachings of piety when, if the Spirit should be included along with the Father and Son, why did not Stephen see in his vision the Spirit with the Son? Therefore how did Stephen cause such distress by uttering these words with his hands outstretched? How does his reasonable tactics counteract such distressing words since he countered the incredulity of his adversaries at that very spot? Do you seek, oh pneumatichos, when the Father's glory appears and the Son stands at his right, the location of the Spirit? If the Spirit were present within you, you would not fail to notice what is proposed [of the Spirit] much like those with defective vision who are ignorant of gold lying at their feet. At any rate I have now gotten wind of this and [desire] that you do not subscribe to the rumor devised by the Jews.
How did Stephen see transcendent glory? Who laid bare heaven's gates for him? Was this the work of men? Which of the angels enabled inferior [human] nature soar to that height? Stephen was not alone when he was generously filled with power coming from the angels which enabled him to see what he saw. What was recorded? "Stephen was filled with the Holy Spirit and saw the glory of God and his Only-Begotten Son" [Acts 7.55]. As the Prophet says, light cannot be seen unless one is filled with light: "In your light we shall see light" [Ps 35.10] (If observation of the light does not share this same light, how can anyone deprived of the sun's rays see it?). Since the Father's light makes this possible, the Only Begotten [Son's] light emanates through the Holy Spirit which makes it visible. Therefore the Spirit's glory enables us to perceive the glory of both the Father and Son. But can we say that the Gospel is true which says that "No man has ever seen God" [Jn 1.18]? How do the Apostle's words agree with the following, "No man has seen nor can see [God]" [1Tm 6.16]? If human nature and power can perceive the glory of the Father and Son, their vision must indeed be mistaken. However, history is true and cannot lie. The evil deed of the pneumatomachoi is indeed made clear because Scripture bears witness to similar situations. For Stephen beholds God not in human nature and power but is united by grace to the Holy Spirit who elevates him in order to comprehend God. Therefore, one cannot say that Jesus is Lord apart from the Spirit, as the Apostle says [cf. 1 Tm 6.16, 1Cor 12.3]. One cannot contemplate the Father's glory because where the Spirit is the Son is seen and is grasped the Father's glory.
But history presents us with another problem, namely, the weapon of impiety coming from the Christomachoi who condemn the Only Begotten [Son], for they consider the One present in the Father's glory to be inferior to his authority. What about Paul? How shall I answer them? What does the prophet David who lived earlier say when he explained the glory of the Only Begotten [Son] by the teaching of the Spirit? David says, "The Lord said to my Lord, `Sit at my right hand'" [Ps 109.1]. The Apostle says that the Lord is seated at the right hand of God's throne [Col 3.1, Heb 1.3]. If this represents either a place of inferiority or a seat of honor, testimony concerning [J.92] its magnificence is added in order to signify the loftiness of honor and the reception of true piety. For the Spirit's grace teaches all these things. Stephen, being filled with the Holy Spirit, saw everything and spoke about what he knew. While in the Spirit, David calls "Lord" as the Gospel says [Mt 22.43]; when Paul, speaks of him, he mentions mysteries in the Spirit [1 Cor 14.2]. Therefore if there is one teacher who is in complete harmony, the teaching is the Spirit of truth which was present in divinely inspired persons. Then how can any dissonance be present in teachings? But there is another seat and position which I can easily point out and will now mention it. Instead of showing concern for the body, these words should refer to what is incorporeal. With regard to man, the seat signifies that part of the body's hips which enables it not to continuously bear strain and thereby become weighed down and crooked. On the other hand, an upright position upon one's knees signifies that a person does not rest upon his hips when seated. But when it comes to transcendent nature, sitting and standing have no place with such concepts since each is separate and should be understood respectively. We neither subscribe to a bent position regarding incorporeal nature nor a sitting down with regard to what is formless; rather, we devoutly understand that each represents stability and being unmoved in every good. For standing and sitting apply to God and do not pertain to a difference of words concerning concepts which teach that God is firmly standing and sitting unmoved in the good. The prophet David and the apostle Paul do not comprehend the sitting of the Only Begotten [Son] in the same manner because the Father is standing and the Son is sitting. Indeed, by mentioning only the fact that the Son is sitting, Scripture tells us about the standing of the Son and no longer suggests the sitting of the Father. For just as Paul and David both confessed the Father sitting through the Son's standing at his right, indeed nothing is taught beforehand concerning the Father which is also true regarding Stephen where the Son is standing and revealed in the Father's glory. Thus this image is valid if it appears to be a satisfactory archetype. Goodness is present in what is good, light is present in the light it reflects and primeval beauty is present in everything supported by an appropriate image. Thus we should clearly understand the image of the Son's sitting, the Father's sitting and the standing in the standing which differs from the archetype's properties.
Brothers, you should ponder our words and thoughts and hold them as introductory remarks since Stephen's vision provokes reflection. We are not only spectators of Stephen's contest but since we are full of the Holy Spirit, we share his grace and eradicate adversaries for the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ to whom be glory and power forever and ever. Amen.
Γέρων Πορφύριος-Μάθετε τα παιδιά να ζητούν τη βοήθεια του Θεού
Το φάρμακο και το μεγάλο μυστικό για την πρόοδο των παιδιών είναι η ταπείνωση.
Η εμπιστοσύνη στον Θεό δίδει απόλυτη ασφάλεια.
Ο Θεός είναι το παν. Δεν μπορεί κανείς να πει ότι εγώ είμαι το παν.
Η εμπιστοσύνη στον Θεό δίδει απόλυτη ασφάλεια.
Ο Θεός είναι το παν. Δεν μπορεί κανείς να πει ότι εγώ είμαι το παν.
Αυτό ενισχύει τον εγωισμό.
Ο Θεός θέλει να οδηγούμε τα παιδιά στην ταπείνωση.
Τίποτα δεν θα κάνομε κι εμείς και τα παιδιά χωρίς την ταπείνωση.
Θέλει προσοχή, όταν ενθαρρύνετε τα παιδιά.
Στο παιδί δεν πρέπει να λέτε: «Εσύ θα τα καταφέρεις, εσύ είσαι σπουδαίος, είσαι νέος, είσαι ανδρείος είσαι τέλειος!…».
Δεν το ωφελείτε έτσι το παιδί.
Μπορείτε, όμως, να του πείτε να κάνει προσευχή. Να του πείτε:
Ο Θεός θέλει να οδηγούμε τα παιδιά στην ταπείνωση.
Τίποτα δεν θα κάνομε κι εμείς και τα παιδιά χωρίς την ταπείνωση.
Θέλει προσοχή, όταν ενθαρρύνετε τα παιδιά.
Στο παιδί δεν πρέπει να λέτε: «Εσύ θα τα καταφέρεις, εσύ είσαι σπουδαίος, είσαι νέος, είσαι ανδρείος είσαι τέλειος!…».
Δεν το ωφελείτε έτσι το παιδί.
Μπορείτε, όμως, να του πείτε να κάνει προσευχή. Να του πείτε:
«Παιδί μου, τα χαρίσματα που έχεις, ο Θεός σου τα έδωσε. Προσευχήσου να σου δώσει ο Θεός δυνάμεις, για να τα καλλιεργήσεις και να πετύχεις. Να σου δώσει ο Θεός την Χάρη Του». Τούτο δω είναι το τέλειο.
Σ’ όλα τα θέματα να μάθουν τα παιδιά να ζητάνε τη βοήθεια του Θεού.
Στα παιδιά ο έπαινος κάνει κακό. Τι λέει ο λόγος του Θεού; «Λαός μου, οι μακαρίζοντες υμάς πλανώσιν υμάς και την τρίβον των ποδών υμών ταράσσουσιν».
Όποιος μας επαινεί, μας πλανάει και μας χαλάει τους δρόμους της ζωής μας. Πόσο σοφά είναι τα λόγια του Θεού! Ο έπαινος δεν προετοιμάζει τα παιδιά για καμιά δυσκολία στη ζωή και βγαίνουν απροσάρμοστα και τα χάνουν και τελικά αποτυγχάνουν.
Τώρα ο κόσμος χάλασε. Στο μικρό παιδάκι λένε όλο επαινετικά λόγια. Μην το μαλώσομε, μην του εναντιωθούμε, μην το πιέσομε το παιδί. Μαθαίνει, όμως έτσι και δεν μπορεί ν’ αντιδράσει σωστά και στην πιο μικρή δυσκολία. Μόλις κάποιος του εναντιωθεί, τσακίζεται, δεν έχει σθένος.
Οι γονείς ευθύνονται πρώτοι για την αποτυχία των παιδιών στη ζωή και οι δάσκαλοι και καθηγητές μετά. Τα επαινούν διαρκώς. Τους λένε εγωιστικά λόγια. Δεν τα φέρνουν στο Πνεύμα του Θεού, τ’ αποξενώνουν απ’ την Εκκλησία.
Όταν μεγαλώσουν λίγο τα παιδιά και πάνε στο σχολείο μ’ αυτό τον εγωισμό, φεύγουν απ’ τη θρησκεία και την περιφρονούν, χάνουν το σεβασμό προς τον Θεό, προς τους γονείς, προς όλους. Γίνονται ατίθασα και σκληρά και άπονα, χωρίς να σέβονται ούτε τη θρησκεία ούτε τον Θεό. Βγάλαμε στη ζωή εγωιστές και όχι Χριστιανούς.
Από το βιβλίο «Βίος και Λόγοι»
Σ’ όλα τα θέματα να μάθουν τα παιδιά να ζητάνε τη βοήθεια του Θεού.
Στα παιδιά ο έπαινος κάνει κακό. Τι λέει ο λόγος του Θεού; «Λαός μου, οι μακαρίζοντες υμάς πλανώσιν υμάς και την τρίβον των ποδών υμών ταράσσουσιν».
Όποιος μας επαινεί, μας πλανάει και μας χαλάει τους δρόμους της ζωής μας. Πόσο σοφά είναι τα λόγια του Θεού! Ο έπαινος δεν προετοιμάζει τα παιδιά για καμιά δυσκολία στη ζωή και βγαίνουν απροσάρμοστα και τα χάνουν και τελικά αποτυγχάνουν.
Τώρα ο κόσμος χάλασε. Στο μικρό παιδάκι λένε όλο επαινετικά λόγια. Μην το μαλώσομε, μην του εναντιωθούμε, μην το πιέσομε το παιδί. Μαθαίνει, όμως έτσι και δεν μπορεί ν’ αντιδράσει σωστά και στην πιο μικρή δυσκολία. Μόλις κάποιος του εναντιωθεί, τσακίζεται, δεν έχει σθένος.
Οι γονείς ευθύνονται πρώτοι για την αποτυχία των παιδιών στη ζωή και οι δάσκαλοι και καθηγητές μετά. Τα επαινούν διαρκώς. Τους λένε εγωιστικά λόγια. Δεν τα φέρνουν στο Πνεύμα του Θεού, τ’ αποξενώνουν απ’ την Εκκλησία.
Όταν μεγαλώσουν λίγο τα παιδιά και πάνε στο σχολείο μ’ αυτό τον εγωισμό, φεύγουν απ’ τη θρησκεία και την περιφρονούν, χάνουν το σεβασμό προς τον Θεό, προς τους γονείς, προς όλους. Γίνονται ατίθασα και σκληρά και άπονα, χωρίς να σέβονται ούτε τη θρησκεία ούτε τον Θεό. Βγάλαμε στη ζωή εγωιστές και όχι Χριστιανούς.
Από το βιβλίο «Βίος και Λόγοι»
Μέγας Βασίλειος-Ο νους και οι ενέργειές του..

α.
Ο νους του ανθρώπου, όταν περιστρέφεται συνεχώς γύρω από τις κοσμικές
μέριμνες, είναι ανίκανος να, διακρίνει καθαρά την αλήθεια.
β.
Είναι πολύτιμο αγαθό ο νους και σ’ αυτόν κατέχουμε το «κατ’ εικόνα» του
Θεού, που μας δημιούργησε· καλή είναι βέβαια και η ενέργεια του νου.
Επειδή όμως είναι αεικίνητος, πολλές φορές κυριεύεται από φαντασιώσεις,
βλέποντας ως υπαρκτά πράγματα και αντικείμενα ανύπαρκτα· πολλές φορές
όμως στρέφεται κατ’ ευθείαν προς την αλήθεια. Επειδή όμως, σύμφωνα με
την δική μας αντίληψη, πού πιστεύουμε στο Θεό, στο νου ενυπάρχουν (εκ
φύσεως) δύο δυνάμεις, η μεν μία είναι πονηρή και δαιμονική και μας
συμπαρασύρει προς την αποστασία από το «κατ’ εικόνα», η δε άλλη δύναμη
είναι θεία και αγαθή και μας υψώνει, ώστε να μοιάσουμε με το Θεό. Όταν ο
νους είναι συγκεντρωμένος στον εαυτό του, αντιλαμβάνεται τα πράγματα,
που είναι μικρά και ανάλογα προς τον εαυτό του, όταν όμως παραδοθεί
στους απατεώνες δαίμονες, χάνει την ορθή κρίση του και κυριεύεται από
παράξενες φαντασιώσεις. Τότε ακόμη και το ξύλο πιστεύει ότι δεν είναι
ξύλο, αλλά Θεός, και το χρυσάφι δεν το διακρίνει ότι είναι απλώς χρήσιμο
αγαθό, αλλά αντικείμενο λατρείας. Αν όμως στραφεί προς τη θεία βουλή
και σκέψη και δεχθεί τις δωρεές του Άγιου Πνεύματος, τότε γίνεται ικανός
να κατανοεί το Θεό και τις ιδιότητές Του, όσο βέβαια αυτό είναι δυνατόν
στην ανθρώπινη φύση. Τρεις, λοιπόν, τρόπον τινά είναι οι καταστάσεις
του βίου και ισάριθμες με αυτές οι ενέργειες του νου μας. Είτε είναι
δηλαδή πονηρά τα έργα μας, οπότε, φυσικά, είναι πονηρά και τα κινήματα
του νου μας, όπως είναι οι μοιχείες, οι κλοπές, οι λατρείες των ειδώλων,
οι συκοφαντίες, οι έριδες, οι θυμοί, οι ραδιουργίες, οι αλαζονείες και
όσα άλλα απαρίθμησε ο Απ. Παύλος ανάμεσα στα έργα του σαρκικού ανθρώπου.
Είτε πάλι η ενέργεια της ψυχής είναι κάπου στη μέση και δεν έχει τίποτε
ούτε το αξιοκατάκριτο ούτε το αξιέπαινο, όπως είναι η απασχόληση με τις
χειρωνακτικές εργασίες, τις οποίες γι’ αυτό ονομάζουμε μέσες και οι
οποίες από τη φύση τους δεν αποκλίνουν καθόλου ούτε προς την αρετή ούτε
προς την κακία. Γιατί πραγματικά ποιά κακία υπάρχει στην κυβερνητική
τέχνη (στην πλοήγηση πλοίου) ή στην ιατρική; (Καμία). Ασφαλώς όμως ούτε
αρετές είναι αυτές καθεαυτές, αλλά αποκλίνουν προς το μέρος της μίας
καταστάσεως από τις δύο αντίθετες, ανάλογα με την προαίρεση εκείνων που
τις ασκούν. Ο νους όμως που έχει ενωθεί με τη θεότητα του Αγίου
Πνεύματος, αυτός αντιλαμβάνεται υψηλές θεωρίες και βλέπει τα θεία κάλλη,
τόσον όμως μόνον, όσο του επιτρέπει η Χάρη και όσο χωρεί η φυσική του
κατάσταση.
γ.
Αν ο νους έχει διαστραφεί από τους δαίμονες, θα λατρέψει τα είδωλα ή θα
στραφεί προς κάποιο άλλο είδος ασέβειας. Αν όμως παραδώσει τον εαυτό
του στη χειραγωγία του Άγιου Πνεύματος, θα γνωρίσει την αλήθεια και θα
φθάσει στην επίγνωση του Θεού. Θα γνωρίσει όμως το Θεό, όπως είπε ο Απ.
Παύλος, εν μέρει, τελειότερα δε στη μέλλουσα ζωή: «Όταν στη μέλλουσα ζωή
θα έλθει το τέλειο και θα λάβουμε από το Θεό την τέλεια γνώση, τότε η
μερική και ατελής γνώση, που έχουμε σ’ αυτή τη ζωή, θα καταργηθεί».
Επομένως ο νους ως κριτικό όργανο και καλός είναι και για χρήσιμο σκοπό
δόθηκε, για την κατανόηση δηλαδή του Θεού, αρκεί να ενεργεί τόσο μόνον,
όσο η φύση του είναι δεκτική.
δ.
Ο νους που δεν διασκορπίζεται προς τα έξω, ούτε διαχέεται προς τον
κόσμο διά μέσου των αισθήσεων, συγκεντρώνεται στον εαυτό του και μόνος
του ανεβαίνει στην έννοια του Θεού. Και αφού φωτισθεί ολόκληρος από το
θείο εκείνο κάλλος, πλήρης θείας ελλάμψεως, λησμονεί ακόμη και την ίδια
του τη φύση και δεν πιέζεται η ψυχή του από τη φροντίδα για την τροφή
ούτε από τη μέριμνα για την ενδυμασία. Αντίθετα, ελεύθερος από τις
γήινες φροντίδες, στρέφει όλο το ζήλο του στην απόκτηση των αιώνιων
αγαθών, πως δηλαδή θα κατορθώσει να αποκτήσει τη σωφροσύνη και την
ανδρεία, τη δικαιοσύνη και τη σύνεση, καθώς και τις υπόλοιπες αρετές,
που αποτελούν υποδιαιρέσεις των γενικών αυτών αρετών και που
υποδεικνύουν στον αγαθό άνδρα να επιτελεί όλα τα καθήκοντά του.
ε.
Πρέπει λοιπόν ο νους, σαν κάποιος κυβερνήτης, που στέκεται πάνω από τα
πάθη και σαν να κυβερνάει το πλοίο της σάρκας και σαν με τιμόνι να
περιστρέφει με πείρα τους λογισμούς και να υπερπηδά τα κύματα με
γενναιότητα, με το να στέκεται ψηλά και με το να είναι απλησίαστος από
τα πάθη, να μη γεμίζει καθόλου από την πικρία τους, σαν από την αλμύρα,
αλλά πάντοτε να λέει προσευχόμενος: «Σώσε με από τούς εχθρούς μου που με
μισούν βγάλε με από τα βαθιά νερά των θλίψεων που με έχουν
περικυκλώσει. Ας μη με καταποντίσει η νεροποντή, ας μη με καταπιεί ο
βυθός».
(Μ. Βασιλείου, από τους τόμους Ε.Π.Ε 1 καί Ε.Π.Ε 7).
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