Ομιλία Γέροντος Νεκταρίου Μουλατσιώτη με θέμα:
"ΤΙ ΑΝΤΙΣΤΑΣΗ ΠΡΕΠΕΙ ΝΑ ΚΑΝΟΥΜΕ ΟΤΑΝ Ο ΔΙΑΒΟΛΟΣ ΦΑΙΝΕΤΑΙ ΟΤΙ ΝΙΚΑ"
Η ομιλία πραγματοποιήθηκε στην Ιερά Μονή Αγίων Αυγουστίνου Ιππώνος και Σεραφείμ του Σαρώφ την Τετάρτη 6 Μαρτίου 2013.
Friday, 8 March 2013
Αγίου Κυρίλλου, Αρχιεπισκόπου Ιεροσολύμων: "Ομιλία εις την Δευτέραν Παρουσίαν του Κυρίου"
Διακηρύττουμε
παρουσίαν Χριστού, όχι μόνον μίαν, αλλά και δευτέραν πολύ καλλιτέραν
της προηγουμένης· διότι η πρώτη αποτελούσε επίδειξιν υπομονής, ενώ η
ερχομένη φέρει το στέμμα της θείας Βασιλείας. Πράγματι στον Κύριον ημών
Ιησούν Χριστόν τα πάντα, ως επί το πλείστον, είναι διπλά· διπλή
γέννησις, μία από τον Θεόν προαιωνίως και μία από την Παρθένον στους
εσχάτους καιρούς· δύο κάθοδοι· μία η αφανής «ως επί πόκον» και Δευτέρα η
ένδοξος και επιφανής, η μέλλουσα.
Κατά
την πρώτην παρουσίαν εσπαργανώθη στην φάτνην, στην Δευτέρα
«αναβάλλεται(ενδύεται) φως ως ιμάτιον». Στην πρώτην «υπέμεινε σταυρόν
αισχύνης καταφρονήσας», στην δευτέραν θα έλθη δοξαζόμενος,
δορυφορούμενος από στρατιές αγγέλων. Δεν μένουμε λοιπόν στην πρώτην
μόνον παρουσίαν, αλλά προσδοκούμε και την δευτέραν…Έρχεται ο Σωτήρ όχι
για να δικασθεί πάλιν, αλλά για να δικάσει τους δικαστάς του· αυτός που
προηγουμένως, όταν εκρίνετο, εσιωπούσε, λέγει ύστερα στους παρανόμους,
υπενθυμίζοντας όσα ετόλμησαν κατα την σταύρωση: «Ταύτα εποίησας και
εσίγησα». Τότε ήλθε για να εκπληρώσει την Θείαν Οικονομίαν, και εδίδασκε
τους ανθρώπους με την πειθώ· τώρα όμως θα αναγκασθούν να τον
αναγνωρίσουν ως Βασιλέα τους, έστω και χωρίς να το θέλουν…
«Όταν
δε έλθη ο Υιός του ανθρώπου εν τη δόξη αυτού, και πάντες οι άγιοι
άγγελοι μετ’ αυτού». Βλέπε, άνθρωπε, ενώπιον πόσων θα εμφανισθείς στο
κριτήριο.Θα είναι τότε παρόν όλο το γένος των ανθρώπων. Αναλογίσου
λοιπόν πόση είναι η φυλή των Ρωμαίων· αναλογίσου πόσοι είναι οι άλλοι,
οι βάρβαροι οι οποίοι ζουν τώρα και πόσοι έχουν ταφεί τα τελευταία
εκατόν χρόνια· πόσοι ετάφησαν μέσα σε χίλια χρόνια· αναλογίσου πόσοι
είναι από τον Αδάμ μέχρι σήμερα. Μεγάλο πλήθος βέβαια, αλλά και πάλιν
μικρόν είναι· διότι οι άγγελοι είναι περισσότεροι· εκείνοι είναι τα
ενενήντα εννέα πρόβατα, η δε ανθρωπότης μόνο το ένα…
Παρευρίσκεται
τότε στο κριτήριο ο Θεός και Πατήρ των απάντων, μαζί του θα κάθεται ο
Ιησούς Χριστός, θα είναι δε παρόν και το Άγιον Πνεύμα· αγγελική σάλπιγγα
θα προσκαλέσει όλους εμάς, οι οποίοι θα φορούμε ως ένδυμα τα έργα μας.
Άραγε δεν οφείλουμε να αγωνιούμε από τώρα; Και μη νομίσεις, άνθρωπε, ότι
είναι μικρή καταδίκη το να κατακριθείς ενώπιον τόσου πλήθους· μήπως δεν
προτιμούμε πολλές φορές να πεθάνομε, παρά να κατηγορηθούμε από φίλους;
Ας
έχομε την αγωνία, λοιπόν, αδελφοί, μη μας καταδικάσει ο Θεός, ο οποίος,
αν πρόκειται να μας καταδικάσει, δεν έχει ανάγκη από εξέταση ή έλεγχο·
μήν πείς ότι την νύκτα όταν επόρνευσα ή έκανα μαγείες ή έπραξα κάτι
άλλο, και δεν υπήρχε άνθρωπος εκεί. Από την συνείδηση σου κρίνεσαι,
«μεταξύ αλλήλων των λογισμών κατηγορούντων ή και απολογουμένων, εν
ημέρα, ότε κρινεί ο Θεός τα κρυπτά των ανθρώπων». Σε αναγκάζει να πεις
την αλήθεια το φοβερό πρόσωπο του Κριτού, ή μάλλον, και αν δεν την πείς,
σε ελέγχει. Διότι θα αναστηθείς φορώντας τις αμαρτίες σου, ή τις αρετές
σου· αυτό δήλωσε ο ίδιος ο Κριτής…
Τι
λέγει λοιπόν ο κριτής για την ενδυμασία ή μή των έργων σου; « Και
συνάξουσιν έμπροσθεν αυτού πάντα τα έθνη»· διότι πρέπει τα πάντα νά
κλίνουν γόνυ ενώπιον του Χριστού, τα επουράνια και τα επίγεια και τα
καταχθόνια. «Και αφορίσει αυτούς απ’ αλλήλων, ώσπερ ο ποιμήν αφορίζει τα
πρόβατα από των ερίφων». Πως διαχωρίζει ο ποιμήν; Μήπως ερευνά κάποιο
βιβλίο, να μάθει ποιο είναι πρόβατο και ποιό ερίφιον;Ή τα διακρίνει από
την εμφάνιση; Δεν φανερώνει το μαλλί το πρόβατο, το δε σκληρό και
τριχωτό το ερίφιο; Έτσι, άν μεν καθαριστείς τώρα από τις αμαρτίες σου,
έχεις στο εξής τις πράξεις σου ως έριον καθαρό, και η στολή σου μένει
αμόλυντη, και λέγεις πάντοτε το «εξεδυσάμην τον χιτώνα μου, πως
ενδύσομαι αυτόν;». Από την ενδυμασία αναγνωρίζεσαι ότι είσαι πρόβατο…Μή
γένοιτο όμως κάποιος από τους παρόντες να αποβληθεί από την χάρη, ούτε
εξαιτίας των φαύλων πράξεων του να βρεθεί στα αριστερά τάγματα των
αμαρτωλών.
Πως,
θα πεί κάποιος, θα αποφύγομε το πυρ; Και πως θα εισέλθομε στην
Βασιλεία; «Επείνασα», λέγει, «και εδώκατε μοι φαγείν»· ιδού τρόπος. Δεν
χρειάζεται αλληγορία εδώ, αλλά να εκτελέσουμε τα λεγόμενα· «επείνασα και
εδώκατε μοι φαγείν· εδίψησα, και εποτίσατέ με· ξένος ήμην και
συνηγάγετέ με· γυμνός, και περιεβάλετε με· ησθένησα, και επεσκέψασθέ με·
εν φυλακή ήμην, και ήλθετε πρός με». Εάν τα πράξεις αυτά, θα
συμβασιλεύσεις· εάν όμως δεν τα πράξεις, θα κατακριθής. Άρχισε λοιπόν
από τώρα να τα εργάζεσαι αυτά, και επίμενε στην πίστη, για να μην
αποκλεισθείς έξω, αναβάλλοντας να αγοράσεις έλαιον σαν τις μωρές
παρθένους· μη ξεθαρρευθείς επειδή απλώς κρατείς την λαμπάδα, αλλά
διατήρησέ την αναμμένην. Ας λάμψει το φώς των καλών έργων σου ενώπιον
των ανθρώπων, και μη βλασφημείται εξαιτίας σου ο Χριστός. Φόρεσε ένδυμα
αφθαρσίας, διαπρέποντας στα καλά έργα…
Είθε
ο Θεός των όλων να σας διαφυλάξει όλους, ώστε να διατηρείτε στη μνήμη
σας τα σημεία της συντέλειας του κόσμου και να μείνετε ακατανίκητοι από
τον Αντίχριστο. Έμαθες τα σημεία του πλάνου που πρόκειται να έλθει·
έλαβες τις αποδείξεις του αληθινού Χριστού, του κατερχομένου φανερά από
τους ουρανούς. Τον μεν ένα, τον ψεύτικο, απόφυγέ τον. Τον δε άλλον, τον
αληθινό, προσδόκα τον. Έμαθες τον τρόπν, πως στην Κρίση θα καταταγείς
στα δεξιά του. Τήρησε αυτά που σου εμπιστεύθηκε ως παρακαταθήκη ο
Χριστός, διαπρέποντας σε έργα αγαθά, ώστε να παρουσιαστείς με παρρησίαν
ενώπιον του Κριτού και να κληρονομήσεις τη Βασιλεία των Ουρανών.
--------------------------------------------
(πηγή: ΚΑΤΗΧΗΣΕΙΣ, Αγίου Κυρίλλου Ιεροσολύμων, Εκδ. «ΕΤΟΙΜΑΣΙΑ» Ι. Μ. Τιμίου Προδρόμου, Καρέας 1991, σ. 304 κ. εξ. Αποσπάσματα).
«Βιολογικός» άνθρωπος, «θεολογικός» άνθρωπος και πρόσωπο,σύμφωνα με τους Πατέρες της Εκκλησίας.
Υπάρχει μια σοβαρή παρανόηση από πολύ κόσμο στο θέμα της δημιουργίας του Αδάμ. Επειδή δεν γίνεται κατανοητή η θεολογική
έννοια των λέξεων: «άνθρωπος» και «πρόσωπο», άλλοι εμμένουν σε
παρερμηνείες της Γένεσης και άλλοι απορρίπτουν την ιστορία του Αδάμ ως
παραμύθι (κυρίως οι άθεοι). Έτσι, τον τελευταίο καιρό όλο και
περισσότερες φωνές ακούγονται στην Εκκλησία, να ζητούν τη διευκρίνιση
κάποιων πραγμάτων, που θα επιτρέψουν στους πιστούς να συμβιβάσουν την Ορθόδοξη πίστη, με τα πορίσματα της Επιστήμης.
Ξεκινάμε, από τη σωστή έννοια του
«εμφυσήματος», του Θεού στον Αδάμ. Η Γένεση δεν μιλάει ούτε για «ψυχή»,
ούτε για «ανάσα» απλή, ούτε για βιολογικό «ζωντάνεμα». Μιλάει για το
Άγιο Πνεύμα που του δόθηκε και τον έκανε «ψυχή ζώσα» πνευματικά,
ανεβάζοντάς τον από το «κατ’ εικόνα» στο «καθ’ ομοίωσιν». Λέγει ο Ιω. Χρυσόστομος: «Και εποίησεν ο Θεός τον άνθρωπον, χουν λαβών από της γης. και ίνα μη δείξη το Πνεύμα το άγιον αλλότριον της δημιουργίας, ενεφύσησεν εις το πρόσωπον αυτού πνοήν ζωής, και εγένετο ο άνθρωπος εις ψυχήν ζώσαν»
(Λόγος εις την αρχήν της αγίας Τεσσαρακοστής, και εις εξορίαν του Αδάμ,
και περί πονηρών γυναικών, PG 56. 530). Τις ίδιες ακριβώς θέσεις
εκφράζουν και οι άγιοι: Ειρηναίος Λουγδούνου, Μ. Βασίλειος, Κύριλλος
Αλεξανδρείας, Αναστάσιος Σιναϊτης, Συμεών νέος Θεολόγος, Γρηγόριος
Παλαμάς, Σεραφείμ του Σάρωφ, Νικόδημος αγιορείτης. Από την άλλη, δεν
υπάρχει καμία αντίφαση της Αγίας Γραφής και της Επιστήμης, που μας
μιλάει για παλαιοντολογικά ευρήματα πολιτισμών, πριν από την εποχή του Αδάμ. Εάν λοιπόν η Αγία Γραφή ΔΕΝ παρουσιάζει τον Αδάμ ως βιολογικό πατέρα της ανθρωπότητας, γιατί τον ονομάζουμε «πρωτόπλαστο»;
Το θέμα είναι ποια είναι η αρχή και η αιτία, δηλαδή αυτό που
κάνει τον άνθρωπο ένα συγκεκριμένο ον, αν δεν είναι η ουσία του; Το θέμα
συζητείται και σε μια από τις επιστολές του Μ. Βασιλείου σε διάλογο με
τον Αμφιλόχιο. Σε μια απ’ αυτές τις επιστολές αναλύεται όλο αυτό το
πρόβλημα και ο Μ. Βασίλειος συμφωνεί με την άποψη, ότι εφ’ όσον δεν
υπάρχει ποτέ ουσία γυμνή ανθρώπινη ως αρχή του ανθρώπου, το πρωταρχικό
οντολογικό κατηγόρημα του ανθρώπου δεν είναι η ουσία του. Αλλά πρέπει να είναι οπωσδήποτε ένα συγκεκριμένο ον και αυτό είναι ο Αδάμ.
Δηλαδή, ενώ οι αρχαίοι Έλληνες έλεγαν ότι έλκουμε την καταγωγή μας, την
ύπαρξή μας, ως επί μέρους όντα, από την κοινή φύση την ανθρώπινη,
πρέπει ως Χριστιανοί να πούμε ότι έλκουμε την ύπαρξή μας ο καθένας από ένα πρόσωπο, τον Αδάμ. Η αιτία του «είναι» μας, δεν είναι η φύση μας, αλλά ένα πρόσωπο.
Έτσι εξηγείται, γιατί στη Γένεση ο Θεός λέει: «Ποιήσωμεν άνθρωπον
(Εβραϊκά Αδάμ) κατ’ εικόνα και καθ’ ομοίωσιν…» (Γένεση 1/α΄ 26). Γιατί ο
Θεός, δεν βλέπει την ανθρωπότητα ως μάζα, αλλά ως πρόσωπα. Και επειδή
δεν υπάρχει «ουσία γυμνή» κατά τη Χριστιανική θεολογία, προ της
δημιουργίας του ανθρώπου, συνόψισε την ανθρωπότητα στο πρόσωπο του Αδάμ,
ως υπόσταση της ανθρώπινης φύσης.
Ο Αδάμ ως ο πρώτος «θεολογικός» άνθρωπος
Γιατί όμως τον Αδάμ και όχι κάποιον άλλον; Αυτό δεν σημαίνει, ότι ήταν ο πρώτος άνθρωπος; Θα
μπορούσε να αναφερθεί πληθώρα πατερικών χωρίων, στα οποία φαίνεται ότι
οι Πατέρες, όταν μιλούν για την κορωνίδα της δημιουργίας, το τελειότερο
έργο του Θεού, το αποκαλούν άνθρωπο. Θα πρέπει όμως να σημειωθεί ότι, όταν τον αποκαλούν άνθρωπο, δεν το εννοούν με την βιολογική του απλώς υπόσταση, αλλά με την παρουσία και του Αγίου Πνεύματος μέσα του. Ο άγιος Ιωάννης ο Χρυσόστομος λέγει: «άνθρωπος γαρ εστίν, ουχ όστις απλώς χείρας και πόδας έχει ανθρώπου, ουδ’ όστις εστι λογικός μόνον, αλλ’ όστις ευσέβειαν και αρετήν μετά παρρησίας ασκεί»
(PG 49. 232). Δεν φθάνει να γεννηθεί κάποιος βιολογικά, για να
ονομασθεί άνθρωπος, αλλά πρέπει να έχει μέσα του και το Άγιο Πνεύμα. Και
αυτό είναι σημαντικό, γιατί όποια σχέση υπάρχει μεταξύ ψυχής και
σώματος, τέτοια σχέση υπάρχει μεταξύ της ψυχής και του Αγίου Πνεύματος.
Έτσι, ζωντανός και πραγματικός άνθρωπος είναι εκείνος που «χαριτώνεται»
από την Χάρη του Θεού. Διαφορετικά, είναι μεν άνθρωπος, αλλά είναι
νεκρός για τον Θεό, και, κυριαρχούμενος από διάφορα πάθη, μοιάζει με τα ζώα.
Σύμφωνα λοιπόν με την Ορθόδοξη πίστη, εφ’ όσον άνθρωπος είναι μόνο όποιος λαμβάνει μέσα του το Άγιο Πνεύμα, και ο Αδάμ ήταν ο πρώτος που έλαβε το Άγιο Πνεύμα, ήταν Ο ΠΡΩΤΟΣ ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΣ.
Γι’ αυτό και ο Θεός, θεώρησε τον Αδάμ ως την υπόσταση εκείνη που έγινε
φορέας της ανθρώπινης φύσης και του έδωσε έτσι την πνευματική πατρότητα
της ανθρωπότητας ολόκληρης. Με την έννοια αυτή, τον ονομάζουμε ΠΡΩΤΟΠΛΑΣΤΟ. Γιατί ήταν ο πρώτος, που πλάσθηκε (εκτός από κατ’ εικόνα), και καθ’ ομοίωσιν του Θεού.
Η έννοια του προσώπου
Εδώ εισέρχεται και η έννοια της σχέσης. Γιατί δίνοντάς του ο Θεός το
Άγιο Πνεύμα, δημιούργησε μαζί του μια προσωπική σχέση. Και αυτό ήταν που
έκανε τον Αδάμ «το πρώτο πρόσωπο» της ανθρώπινης φύσης και την
υποστατική αιτία της. Παρά το ότι οι άγιοι Πατέρες ομιλούντες για τον
Θεό τον ονομάζουν Πρόσωπο και ομιλούντες για τον άνθρωπο, τον αποκαλούν,
κυρίως, άνθρωπο, εν τούτοις τον όρο πρόσωπο, σε μερικές περιπτώσεις,
τον αποδίδουν και στον άνθρωπο. Και, βέβαια, αυτό γίνεται με
συγκατάβαση, γιατί γνωρίζουν, ότι υπάρχει τεράστια διαφορά μεταξύ Θεού
και ανθρώπου, μεταξύ δημιουργού και δημιουργήματος. Ο Θεός είναι
άκτιστος, ενώ ο άνθρωπος είναι κτιστός….
…Σε άλλη περίπτωση, ο άγιος Ιωάννης ο Δαμασκηνός αποδίδει στον άνθρωπο τους όρους υπόσταση και πρόσωπο. Γράφει: «Επειδή δε πολλοί εισιν οι άνθρωποι, ο καθένας άνθρωπος υπόστασις
εστίν, οίον Αδάμ υπόστασίς εστι, και η Εύα άλλη υπόστασις, και ο Σηθ
ετέρα υπόστασις. Ομοίως και επί των λοιπών. Έκαστος άνθρωπος υπόστασις
ετέρα παρά τους λοιπούς ανθρώπους εστί, και έκαστος βους υπόστασίς εστι,
και έκαστος άγγελος υπόστασίς εστίν. Ώστε φύσις και μορφή και ουσία
εστί το κοινόν και περιέχον τας ομοουσίους υποστάσεις, υπόστασις δε και
άτομον και πρόσωπον το μερικόν ήγουν έκαστος των υπό το αυτό είδος
περιεχομένων» Από αυτό το χωρίο φαίνεται ότι και ο άνθρωπος είναι
υπόσταση, και, επειδή η υπόσταση ταυτίζεται με το πρόσωπο, γι’ αυτό και ο όρος πρόσωπο αποδίδεται και στον άνθρωπο.
Μια τέτοια συσχέτιση μεταξύ του ανθρώπου και του προσώπου μπορούμε να δούμε αμυδρώς και σε μερικά χωρία της Αγίας Γραφής. Ο Απόστολος Παύλος, μιλώντας για την ένωση και την κοινωνία του ανθρώπου με τον Θεό, χρησιμοποιεί την έκφραση «πρόσωπον προς πρόσωπον».
Λέγει: «βλέπομεν γαρ άρτι δι’ εσόπτρου εν αινίγματι, τότε δε πρόσωπον
προς πρόσωπον» (Α΄ Κορινθίους 13/ιγ΄ 12). Αν σκεφθούμε ότι το χωρίο αυτό
αναφέρεται στην νοερά προσευχή, δηλαδή στον φωτισμό του νου («δι’
εσόπτρου εν αινίγματι») και την θεώση, δηλαδή την θεωρία του Θεού
(«πρόσωπον προς πρόσωπον»), τότε μπορούμε να καταλάβουμε ότι ο άνθρωπος
μπορεί να χαρακτηρισθεί πρόσωπο, όταν ενωθεί με τον Θεό δια της θεώσεως
και στην κατάσταση της θεώσεως. Αυτός, άλλωστε, είναι και ο πραγματικός
άνθρωπος. Επίσης, ο ίδιος ο Απόστολος αναφερόμενος σε μια μεγάλη θλίψη
στην Ασία και στην απαλλαγή του με τη βοήθεια του Θεού και τις προσευχές
των Χριστιανών, λέγει: «ος εκ τηλικούτου θανάτου ερρύσατο ημάς και
ρύεται, εις ον ηλπίκαμεν ότι και έτι ρύσεται, συνυπουργούντων και υμών
υπέρ ημών τη δεήσει, ίνα εκ πολλών προσώπων εις το εις ημάς χάρισμα δια πολλών ευχαριστηθή υπέρ ημών» (Β΄ Κορ. 1/α΄ 10,11).
Σήμερα, χρησιμοποιείται κατά κόρον ο όρος πρόσωπο και «προσωπικότης»,
για τον άνθρωπο… στην ορθόδοξη, όμως, διδασκαλία η οντολογία του
ανθρώπου, βρίσκεται στο Αρχέτυπό του, στον Θεό που τον δημιούργησε, αφού
ο άνθρωπος είναι κατ’ εικόνα Θεού πλασμένος. Έτσι «η βιολογική ύπαρξη δεν εξαντλεί τον άνθρωπο. Ο άνθρωπος κατανοείται οντολογικά από τους Πατέρες μόνο ως ον θεολογικό. Η οντολογία του είναι εικονική» (Παν. Νέλλα: Ζώον θεούμενον, εκδ. Εποπτεία, Αθήνα 1979, σελ. 33, 34).
Μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε τον όρο πρόσωπο και για τον άνθρωπο με
μεγάλη προσοχή και αφού κάνουμε μερικές διευκρινίσεις. Μια από αυτές
είναι ότι, όπως τον όρο άνθρωπο, κατά τους Πατέρες δεν μπορούμε να τον
αποδώσουμε μόνον σε όλους εκείνους που ζουν, αλλά κυρίως σε όσους
μετέχουν της καθαρτικής, φωτιστικής και θεοποιού ενεργείας του Θεού,
έτσι και τον όρο πρόσωπο, μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιούμε γι’ αυτούς που
πορεύονται προς την κατά Χάριν θέωση και είναι θεούμενοι. Όπως το «κατ’
εικόνα» είναι δυνάμει ομοίωσις και η ομοίωσις ενεργεία «εικόνα», έτσι
και ο άνθρωπος με την βιολογική του ύπαρξη είναι δυνάμει άνθρωπος
και πρόσωπο. Θα γίνει πραγματικά άνθρωπος, όταν μεθέξει της ακτίστου
ενεργείας του Θεού. Εφόσον ο Θεός είναι Πρόσωπο σημαίνει, πως ο άνθρωπος γίνεται πρόσωπο, όταν ενωθεί με τον Θεό.
Σύμφωνα λοιπόν με τα παραπάνω, ο Αδάμ δεν είναι ένας απλός
συμβολισμός, όπως θέλουν πολλοί να τον θεωρούν, αλλά ένα πραγματικό
ΠΡΟΣΩΠΟ, το πρώτο ανθρώπινο πρόσωπο, και ο πρώτος άνθρωπος, με τη θεολογική έννοια των όρων
αυτών. Είναι αυτός στον οποίον ο Θεός έδωσε για πρώτη φορά το Άγιο
Πνεύμα Του, και δημιούργησε μαζί του ΠΡΟΣΩΠΙΚΗ ΣΧΕΣΗ. Έτσι, ο Αδάμ
καθίσταται ο πρώτος που έγινε ΑΛΗΘΙΝΟΣ ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΠΡΟΣΩΠΟ, και όχι «δυνάμει»
που είναι κάθε άλλος που πλάσθηκε «κατ’ εικόνα του Θεού». Με την
ιδιότητα αυτή, ο Αδάμ καθίσταται επίσης ΠΡΩΤΟΠΛΑΣΤΟΣ, και όχι με τη
βιολογική έννοια, που νομίζουν πολλοί.
Δεν έχουμε λοιπόν καμία αντίφαση μεταξύ Αγίας Γραφής και Επιστήμης. Ούτε θεολογική ή ανθρωπολογική αντίφαση με τα πορίσματα της Παλαιοντολογίας, που αποδεικνύει, ότι υπήρχαν «δυνάμει» άνθρωποι πριν ακόμα από τον Αδάμ.
Σύμφωνα λοιπόν με τα ανωτέρω εκτεθέντα, η διήγηση
της Γένεσης απλοποιείται και γένεται σύμφωνη με τα ευρήματα της
Παλαιοντολογίας, Βιολογίας και Ανθρωπολογίας. Έτσι: την 6η
ημέρα της Δημιουργίας, ο Θεός εκφράζει την επιθυμία της κατασκευής
ανθρώπου, κατ’ εικόνα του και ομοίωσή του. Δημιουργεί λοιπόν άνθρωπο, μόνο κατ’ εικόνα, (όχι τον Αδάμ), άνδρα και γυναίκα, τους ευλογεί και τους προτρέπει να κάνουν πολλά παιδιά. Έτσι, η 1η αυτή κατασκευή δημιουργεί τον «βιολογικό» άνθρωπο. Την 7η ημέρα, ημέρα κατάπαυσης του Θεού από τη Δημιουργία, πλάθει από τον «βιολογικό» άνθρωπο, τον «θεολογικό» άνθρωπο, τον Αδάμ, τον πρώτο άνθρωπο που γίνεται «καθ’ ομοίωσιν»,
τον τοποθετεί στον Παράδεισο, δεν τον ευλογεί, γιατί είναι ήδη
ευλογημένος (αφού ομοιάζει με το Θεό) και δεν τον προτρέπει να κάνει
πολλά παιδιά με τη σύντροφό του Εύα, γιατί στον Παράδεισο, «ούτε
γαμούσιν, ούτε εκγαμίζονται». Την 6η ημέρα λοιπόν δημιουργείται ο «βιολογικός» άνθρωπος (χωρίς πρόσωπο), κατ’ εικόνα Θεού και την 7η ημέρα, ο «βιολογικός» άνθρωπος μεταβάλλεται σε «θεολογικό» άνθρωπο, καθ’ ομοίωση του Θεού και τότε αποκτά πρόσωπο
π.Ανδρέας Κονάνος -Κουράστηκα, Βαρέθηκα, Χωρίζω..
Κουράστηκα, Βαρέθηκα, Χωρίζω
Ι.Ν.Αγ.Βαρβάρας Αργυρουπόλεως
28-11-2011
Saint Gregory of Nyssa-On Eternal Hell

Saint Gregory of Nyssa
By Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos
In many of his texts St. Gregory speaks of man's freedom of choice, which is not abolished by God, and also about the perpetuity of Hell. Both these positions of his remove every notion of the theory of the restoration of all things as affirmed by Origen.
In his great catechetical oration, in which he refers to the Catechism and the value of Baptism, at the end he continues the subject of the change in a man's whole existence which comes about by his choice. He writes that holy Baptism is called birth from above, that is, it is man's rebirth and reconstitution, but it does not alter his characteristic features. This human nature does not of itself admit of any "change by Baptism", and neither is his reason or intelligence changed, nor his cognition nor any other characteristic of human nature. This must take place through man's struggle before and after Baptism. The grace of God which we receive through Baptism does not bring about our rebirth unless we ourselves play a part in it.
St. Gregory reaches the point of making a bold statement, as he himself says. If in spite of Baptism the soul has not removed the stains - which means if our life after Baptism is the same as it was before - then the water of the sacrament is simply water, "because the grace of the Holy Spirit did not appear". In other words, it is as if a man had not received the gift of the Holy Spirit.
Whoever trumpets his rebirth through Baptism, but still has the same way of life should listen to the word of God who says: "If anyone thinks himself to be something, when he is nothing, he deceives himself"and "As many as received him, to them he gave the right to become children of God". If anyone asserts that he has received God, he must demonstrate it by his choice. "Manifest in yourself Him Who begot you". And he asks very incisively: "Do you not know that a man becomes a son of God in no other way than by becoming holy?". To become a child of God one must be holy.
Those who do not change their way of life will have many punishments. The life of sinners in the next life will not be similar to the tribulations of the earthly life. St. Gregory speaks of the punishing fire which the sinner will encounter, and not of a rebirth in the next life. He writes incisively: "When you hear the word fire, you have been taught to think of a fire other than the fire we see, owing to something being added to that fire which is not in this. "The fire which man will experience in the next life will be different from the fire of the present life. The fire of this life is extinguished in various ways, whereas the fire of the next life remains unextinguished." That fire, therefore, is something other than this.
If, again, a person hears about a worm which will devour man, it is meant in a completely different way from the worm that lives in the earth. For "the addition that `it does not die' suggests the thought of another reptile than that known here".
From this brief presentation of the teaching of St. Gregory about choice and Hell several truths emerge. First, that the grace of the Holy Spirit, through Baptism, does not regenerate the person if choice is not put into action. Therefore a man's choice has great significance. Secondly, that there exists Hell, in which fire and worm which do not resemble sensory realities hold sway. They are uncreated realities. Indeed, the fact that the things of eternal life will not be like the present day, and that the worm "does not die", shows that both the purifying fire and the tormenting action of the worms is the uncreated energy of God, which will be experienced by those who have not been purified in this life. The combination of the pains of the life after death with endlessness shows that there will be no end to purification, as the studies of St. Gregory suggest.
In other texts of his we read about participating in the light, that is, God. Analysing the life of Moses and regarding Moses as a prototype of perfection for every Christian, he says that Moses saw God in the burning bush that was not consumed, because he had first taken off his sandals.
He applies this to the vision of God, which every man can have. God is truth and this truth is light. The life of virtue leads to this knowledge of the great light. And lest it be thought that St. Gregory is speaking of a human and humanistic virtue, we must say that he links virtue with purity of the soul. It is not possible for sandaled feet to ascend that height where the light of truth is seen. Therefore the soul must be freed from these foundations. It is not a matter of putting off the body, but of freeing the soul from the garments of skin in which nature was wrapped after its insubordination. Thus the light of truth will be seen and the knowledge of being will come about through purifying our opinion about nonbeing, since nonbeing is false and a fantasy. According to St. Gregory, being outside God is nonbeing, from the point of view that it is falsehood and fantasy and not that it is non-existent.
And in this interpretation it is obvious that through purification man attains knowledge of being and casts away nonbeing, which is falsehood and fantasy. This interpretation will be useful when we later study his view of evil, which is nonbeing. It does not mean that the person who experiences evil disappears, but precisely because he lives far from being, which is truth, he lives in falsehood. The man exists, but he does not live according to God. There is a difference between existing and living according to God.
St. Gregory of Nyssa links Paradise and Hell with man's choice. He knows clearly that there is eternal Paradise and eternal Hell. Moreover, even those who are still critical of him do not deny that St. Gregory at many points in his teachings accepts the eternity of Hell. We have already seen one such case before, when he spoke of the worm that never dies. But placed organically within the teaching of the Church, he teaches that Paradise and Hell do not exist from God's point of view, but from man's point of view. It is a subject of man's choice and condition. We can understand the teaching of St. Gregory of Nyssa only if we study it within these orthodox presuppositions.
Referring to the double effect of light on the Hebrews and the Egyptians, he says that while the sun of righteousness illuminated them in the same way with its rays, yet "the Hebrews delighted in its light, but the Egyptians were insensitive to its gift". The Egyptians too received the grace of God, but since they were insensitive, they perceived it as darkness.
The same thing happens with other men as well. The same grace, the same light, sends its rays to all men, but some wander in darkness because of evil deeds and the darkness of evil, and others shine, living in the light of virtue.
The Egyptians were punished because their choice worked in that way, when they themselves called forth God's punishment. "The Egyptians' free will caused all these things according to the above principle, and the impartial justice of God followed their free choices and brought upon them what they deserved".
The same is true with tribulations, which we think come from God. The creator of sorrows and tribulations is each person through his own choice. "Each man makes his own plagues through his own free will". The same will be the case in the eternal life. To the one who has lived without sin there is no darkness, no worm, no fire. The same place is a calamity for one and not for another. This means that it is a matter of their choice. Therefore "it is evident that nothing evil can come into existence apart from our free choice". Evil cannot exist without our choice.
This analysis shows clearly that St. Gregory does not deny the existence of Hell, but he says that it is a matter of man's choice. For God, Hell does not exist, nor did God make man for Hell but it is man's free choice.
In the works of St. Gregory it is stated that evil must be thrown out of man's existence, and "that which does not exist in being must cease to exist at all". This does not mean that there will be a period in which beings which have no share and communion with God will cease to exist. In any case, evil does not have being in itself, but it is the deprivation of good. In other words, the person who has been darkened will be deprived of the illuminating quality of God, and so he will be like not existing, while he will live eternally. The illuminating action of God will not be received, but only its caustic and punishing quality. He writes: "Since evil does not exist by its nature outside of free choice, evil will suffer a complete annihilation, because no receptacle remains for it".
The problem arises: what will happen if man does not yield his free choice to God? This is a question for those who are convinced that St. Gregory teaches the restoration of all things in accordance with the views of Origen. And they think that the saint is inconsistent. But there is no contradiction in his work, his teaching can be understood within the tradition of the Church. It means that everyone who does not give his choice to God will have no share of God. They will exist but they will not participate in God. And since God is life and being, therefore those, although they will exist, will live in nonbeing, they will not have communion with God.
Likewise the existence of the punishing fire, which is the purifying grace of God, will be a permanent development and healing for the saint which will go on also in the next life. The purifying fire, as we have indicated, according to the teaching of St. Gregory of Nyssa, is uncreated and unending. It is the grace of God, which will purify and sanctify man increasingly, since perfection is unending, as he himself teaches. In this sense he speaks of a purifying fire for the righteous.
Consequently the teaching of St. Gregory of Nyssa about Paradise and Hell is a part of the patristic framework. At least I personally have not discovered any departure from the orthodox teaching. It is only that St. Gregory's speech is more difficult than that of the other Fathers of the Church.
In many of his texts St. Gregory speaks of man's freedom of choice, which is not abolished by God, and also about the perpetuity of Hell. Both these positions of his remove every notion of the theory of the restoration of all things as affirmed by Origen.
In his great catechetical oration, in which he refers to the Catechism and the value of Baptism, at the end he continues the subject of the change in a man's whole existence which comes about by his choice. He writes that holy Baptism is called birth from above, that is, it is man's rebirth and reconstitution, but it does not alter his characteristic features. This human nature does not of itself admit of any "change by Baptism", and neither is his reason or intelligence changed, nor his cognition nor any other characteristic of human nature. This must take place through man's struggle before and after Baptism. The grace of God which we receive through Baptism does not bring about our rebirth unless we ourselves play a part in it.
St. Gregory reaches the point of making a bold statement, as he himself says. If in spite of Baptism the soul has not removed the stains - which means if our life after Baptism is the same as it was before - then the water of the sacrament is simply water, "because the grace of the Holy Spirit did not appear". In other words, it is as if a man had not received the gift of the Holy Spirit.
Whoever trumpets his rebirth through Baptism, but still has the same way of life should listen to the word of God who says: "If anyone thinks himself to be something, when he is nothing, he deceives himself"and "As many as received him, to them he gave the right to become children of God". If anyone asserts that he has received God, he must demonstrate it by his choice. "Manifest in yourself Him Who begot you". And he asks very incisively: "Do you not know that a man becomes a son of God in no other way than by becoming holy?". To become a child of God one must be holy.
Those who do not change their way of life will have many punishments. The life of sinners in the next life will not be similar to the tribulations of the earthly life. St. Gregory speaks of the punishing fire which the sinner will encounter, and not of a rebirth in the next life. He writes incisively: "When you hear the word fire, you have been taught to think of a fire other than the fire we see, owing to something being added to that fire which is not in this. "The fire which man will experience in the next life will be different from the fire of the present life. The fire of this life is extinguished in various ways, whereas the fire of the next life remains unextinguished." That fire, therefore, is something other than this.
If, again, a person hears about a worm which will devour man, it is meant in a completely different way from the worm that lives in the earth. For "the addition that `it does not die' suggests the thought of another reptile than that known here".
From this brief presentation of the teaching of St. Gregory about choice and Hell several truths emerge. First, that the grace of the Holy Spirit, through Baptism, does not regenerate the person if choice is not put into action. Therefore a man's choice has great significance. Secondly, that there exists Hell, in which fire and worm which do not resemble sensory realities hold sway. They are uncreated realities. Indeed, the fact that the things of eternal life will not be like the present day, and that the worm "does not die", shows that both the purifying fire and the tormenting action of the worms is the uncreated energy of God, which will be experienced by those who have not been purified in this life. The combination of the pains of the life after death with endlessness shows that there will be no end to purification, as the studies of St. Gregory suggest.
In other texts of his we read about participating in the light, that is, God. Analysing the life of Moses and regarding Moses as a prototype of perfection for every Christian, he says that Moses saw God in the burning bush that was not consumed, because he had first taken off his sandals.
He applies this to the vision of God, which every man can have. God is truth and this truth is light. The life of virtue leads to this knowledge of the great light. And lest it be thought that St. Gregory is speaking of a human and humanistic virtue, we must say that he links virtue with purity of the soul. It is not possible for sandaled feet to ascend that height where the light of truth is seen. Therefore the soul must be freed from these foundations. It is not a matter of putting off the body, but of freeing the soul from the garments of skin in which nature was wrapped after its insubordination. Thus the light of truth will be seen and the knowledge of being will come about through purifying our opinion about nonbeing, since nonbeing is false and a fantasy. According to St. Gregory, being outside God is nonbeing, from the point of view that it is falsehood and fantasy and not that it is non-existent.
And in this interpretation it is obvious that through purification man attains knowledge of being and casts away nonbeing, which is falsehood and fantasy. This interpretation will be useful when we later study his view of evil, which is nonbeing. It does not mean that the person who experiences evil disappears, but precisely because he lives far from being, which is truth, he lives in falsehood. The man exists, but he does not live according to God. There is a difference between existing and living according to God.
St. Gregory of Nyssa links Paradise and Hell with man's choice. He knows clearly that there is eternal Paradise and eternal Hell. Moreover, even those who are still critical of him do not deny that St. Gregory at many points in his teachings accepts the eternity of Hell. We have already seen one such case before, when he spoke of the worm that never dies. But placed organically within the teaching of the Church, he teaches that Paradise and Hell do not exist from God's point of view, but from man's point of view. It is a subject of man's choice and condition. We can understand the teaching of St. Gregory of Nyssa only if we study it within these orthodox presuppositions.
Referring to the double effect of light on the Hebrews and the Egyptians, he says that while the sun of righteousness illuminated them in the same way with its rays, yet "the Hebrews delighted in its light, but the Egyptians were insensitive to its gift". The Egyptians too received the grace of God, but since they were insensitive, they perceived it as darkness.
The same thing happens with other men as well. The same grace, the same light, sends its rays to all men, but some wander in darkness because of evil deeds and the darkness of evil, and others shine, living in the light of virtue.
The Egyptians were punished because their choice worked in that way, when they themselves called forth God's punishment. "The Egyptians' free will caused all these things according to the above principle, and the impartial justice of God followed their free choices and brought upon them what they deserved".
The same is true with tribulations, which we think come from God. The creator of sorrows and tribulations is each person through his own choice. "Each man makes his own plagues through his own free will". The same will be the case in the eternal life. To the one who has lived without sin there is no darkness, no worm, no fire. The same place is a calamity for one and not for another. This means that it is a matter of their choice. Therefore "it is evident that nothing evil can come into existence apart from our free choice". Evil cannot exist without our choice.
This analysis shows clearly that St. Gregory does not deny the existence of Hell, but he says that it is a matter of man's choice. For God, Hell does not exist, nor did God make man for Hell but it is man's free choice.
In the works of St. Gregory it is stated that evil must be thrown out of man's existence, and "that which does not exist in being must cease to exist at all". This does not mean that there will be a period in which beings which have no share and communion with God will cease to exist. In any case, evil does not have being in itself, but it is the deprivation of good. In other words, the person who has been darkened will be deprived of the illuminating quality of God, and so he will be like not existing, while he will live eternally. The illuminating action of God will not be received, but only its caustic and punishing quality. He writes: "Since evil does not exist by its nature outside of free choice, evil will suffer a complete annihilation, because no receptacle remains for it".
The problem arises: what will happen if man does not yield his free choice to God? This is a question for those who are convinced that St. Gregory teaches the restoration of all things in accordance with the views of Origen. And they think that the saint is inconsistent. But there is no contradiction in his work, his teaching can be understood within the tradition of the Church. It means that everyone who does not give his choice to God will have no share of God. They will exist but they will not participate in God. And since God is life and being, therefore those, although they will exist, will live in nonbeing, they will not have communion with God.
Likewise the existence of the punishing fire, which is the purifying grace of God, will be a permanent development and healing for the saint which will go on also in the next life. The purifying fire, as we have indicated, according to the teaching of St. Gregory of Nyssa, is uncreated and unending. It is the grace of God, which will purify and sanctify man increasingly, since perfection is unending, as he himself teaches. In this sense he speaks of a purifying fire for the righteous.
Consequently the teaching of St. Gregory of Nyssa about Paradise and Hell is a part of the patristic framework. At least I personally have not discovered any departure from the orthodox teaching. It is only that St. Gregory's speech is more difficult than that of the other Fathers of the Church.
An Excerpt from The Book "Life After Death"(Chapter 8) by By Metropolitan Hierotheos Vlachos of Nafpaktos
Thursday, 7 March 2013
Saturday of Souls..
By Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos
SATURDAY before MEATFARE
On the same day, the most Divine Fathers appointed a commemoration of all those who, from ages past, have piously fallen asleep, in the hope of resurrection unto life eternal.
Verses
Forgive the dead their transgressions, O Word,
And do not show Thy good compassion to be dead.
SATURDAY before MEATFARE
On the same day, the most Divine Fathers appointed a commemoration of all those who, from ages past, have piously fallen asleep, in the hope of resurrection unto life eternal.
Verses
Forgive the dead their transgressions, O Word,
And do not show Thy good compassion to be dead.
Synaxarion
Since it often happens that certain people suffer death prematurely, in a foreign land, at sea, on trackless mountains, on precipices, in chasms, in famines, wars, conflagrations, and cold weather, and all manner of other deaths; and perhaps, being poor and without resources, they have not been vouchsafed the customary psalter readings and memorial services, moved by love for mankind, the Divine Fathers ordained that the Orthodox Catholic Church make commemoration of all people, a tradition which they inherited from the Holy Apostles, in order that those who, due to some particular circumstance, did not receive the customary obsequies individually, might be included in the present general commemoration, indicating that whatever is done on their behalf confers great benefit on them.
This is one reason why the Church of God performs the commemoration of souls. A second reason is that, since the Fathers intended, as is fitting, to assign the observance of the Second Coming of Christ to the following day, they appointed a commemoration of all souls on this day, as if propitiating the dread and unerring Judge to show them His innate compassion and place them in the promised Paradise of delight. A third reason is that, since they intended to expound the banishment of Adam on the following Sunday, they devised the present commemoration, on this day of rest, as a respite from, and end of all human affairs, so that they might start from the beginning, that is, the banishment of Adam—for the final event that we will experience is the examination by the impartial Judge of all the deeds that we have committed in our life—and so that, putting fear into men thereby, they might make them ready for the contests of the Fast.
We always commemorate souls on Saturday, because Sabbaton (Sabbath) means “rest” in Hebrew; and since the dead have rested from worldly and all other cares, we offer supplications for them also on the day which means “rest.” It has become customary for us to do this every Saturday. On the present Saturday, we observe a universal commemoration, beseeching God for all the pious. The Fathers, knowing well that what is done on behalf of the reposed, that is, memorial services, almsgiving, and Liturgies, affords them great respite and benefit, allow the Church to do so on both an individual and a general basis, a tradition which they received from the Holy Apostles, as St. Dionysios the Areopagite tells us.
That what the Church does on behalf of souls benefits them, is clear from many sources, but especially from an incident in the life of St. Makarios, who was in the habit of praying for the departed and had besought God to reveal to him whether any benefit was conferred on them thereby. Finding the desiccated skull of an impious pagan on the road that he was traversing, he asked whether the souls in Hades experience any consolation. The skull replied: “We receive great respite, Father, when you pray to God for the departed.” St. Gregory the Dialogist even saved the Emperor Trajan through prayer, though he was told by God never again to make entreaty for one who was impious. In addition to this, through the prayers of the Saints and Confessors, the Empress Theodora snatched the God-hating Theophilos from torments and saved him, as we know from ecclesiastical history. St. Gregory the Theologian, in his funeral oration for his brother Cæsarios, states that supplications for the departed are beneficial for them. In one of his homilies on the Epistle to the Philippians, the great St. John Chrysostomos says: “Let us think of some way to benefit the departed; let us give them whatever assistance we can, by which I mean almsgiving and offerings to the Church on their behalf; for this affords them great profit, gain, and benefit. Indeed, not in vain or haphazardly have these practices been prescribed; it has been handed down to the Church of God by His all-wise Disciples, that the Priest should commemorate the faithful departed at the dread Mysteries.” Elsewhere, he says: “In your will, inscribe the Master as fellow-heir along with your children and kinsfolk; let your papyrus contain the name of the Judge, and let it not fail to mention the poor, and I will stand surety for you.” St. Athanasios the Great says: “Even if one who has died in the true Faith has vanished into thin air, call upon Christ God, and do not avoid lighting oil lamps and candles at his grave; for these things are acceptable to God and bring great recompense.” Observe these things, therefore, whether the deceased is a sinner, so that you might obtain for him forgiveness of his sins, or a righteous man, so that you might gain additional rewards. If perhaps he is a stranger and without means, and thus has no one to take care of him in this situation, yet God, in His righteousness and love for mankind, will provide for him on account of his penury in proportion to the mercy that He sees on our part. Besides, he who makes an offering on behalf of such individuals partakes of the reward, since he has shown concern for the salvation of his neighbor, just as someone who anoints another person with perfume makes himself fragrant first. In fact, those who do not fulfill what is commanded and enjoined in such situations will assuredly bring judgment upon themselves.
Until the Second Coming of Christ, whatever is done on behalf of the departed brings benefit to them, as the Divine Fathers affirm, and, in particular, to those who did even some small amount of good when they were numbered among the living. Although Holy Scripture says certain things—and rightly so—for the chastening of the many, yet God’s love for mankind prevails for the most part. We should know that in the next world all will recognize each other, both those whom they know and those whom they have never seen, as the Divine Chrysostomos says, proving this from the parable of the Rich man and Lazarus. They will not, however, be recognized in bodily form, for everyone will be the same age, and their physical characteristics will be absent, but only by the clairvoyant eye of the soul, as St. Gregory the Theologian says in his funeral oration for Cæsarios: “Then shall I see Cæsarios... brilliant, glorious,...such as in my dreams I have often beheld you, dearest of brothers.” St. Athanasios the Great, in his oration on the departed, says: “Even before the general Resurrection, it is given to the Saints to know each other and to make glad with one another, whereas sinners are deprived of this; and to the Holy Martyrs it is given to see what we do and to visit us in our needs. At the general Resurrection, all will recognize each other and the secrets of all will be made manifest.”
We should know that at present, that is, prior to the general Resurrection, the souls of the Righteous exist in certain specially designated places, and those of sinners in another region, the former rejoicing in their hope, but the latter grieving in expectation of the terrors that await them, since the Saints have not yet received the promise of good things, as the Divine Apostle says, “God having provided some better thing for us, that they without us should not be made perfect” (Hebrews 11:40). It should also be known that not all who have fallen over precipices, or been burnt by fire, or drowned in the sea, or died from deadly poisons, cold, or hunger, suffer these things at God’s behest. These are the judgments of God, some of which happen by His good pleasure, but others by His permission, and yet others for the purpose of instructing, threatening, or chastising other people. In His foreknowledge, God sees and knows all things, and all things happen by His will, as the Holy Gospel says about sparrows (St. Matthew 10:29-31; St. Luke 12:6-7). However, He does not determine that things should happen in this or that way, for example, that one man should drown and another die by natural causes, or that one man should die in old age and another in infancy, but He decreed once and for all that there should be a general lifespan for humanity and so many different kinds of deaths. During this lifespan, various kinds of deaths are brought upon mankind, but God does not determine them from the very beginning, although He does have knowledge of them. In relation to the life of each human being, the will of God adumbrates both the time and the manner of his death. Although St. Basil the Great talks about a predetermination of life, he is alluding to the verse: “Earth art thou, and to earth shalt thou return” (Genesis 3:20). For the Apostle writes to the Corinthians: “[Because ye partake unworthily,] many are weak and sickly among you, and many sleep” (I Corinthians 11:30); the Prophet-King David says: “Take me not away in the midst of my days” (Psalm 101:25), and: “Thou hast made my days as a handbreadth” (Psalm 38:5); the Prophet Moses says: “Honor thy father, that thou mayest have length of days” (Exodus 20:12); and the Prophet-King Solomon says: “lest thou shouldest die before thy time” (Ecclesiastes 7:18). In the Book of Job, God says to Eliphaz: “I would have destroyed you, were it not for My servant Job” (cf. Job 42:8).
Hence, it is evident that there is no predetermined limit of life. If someone says that there is such a limit, please understand that this limit is the will of God; for He adds years to one man’s life as He wills, but reduces them in the case of another, dispensing all things according to what is profitable for us; and, when God wills, He arranges both the manner and the time of death. Therefore, the limit of each man’s life is, as St. Athanasios the Great says, the will and counsel of God. St. Basil says that deaths are brought upon us when the limits of life are fulfilled, but by “limits of life” he means the will of God. For, if there is a limit to life, why do we beseech God and call upon physicians, and pray for our children, that they might live? We should also know that when baptized infants die, they enjoy the Paradise of delight, whereas those not illumined by Baptism and those born of pagans go neither to Paradise nor to Gehenna. When the soul departs from the body, it has no concern for the things of this world, but only for the things of the Heavenly realm.
We celebrate memorial services on the third day, because on that day a man changes his aspect, on the ninth day, because at that time his whole body decays, with only the heart remaining, and on the fortieth day, because on that day even his heart perishes.
Appoint a place in the tabernacles of Thy Righteous for the souls of those who have departed before us, O Christ our Master, and have mercy on us, for Thou alone art immortal. Amen.
Since it often happens that certain people suffer death prematurely, in a foreign land, at sea, on trackless mountains, on precipices, in chasms, in famines, wars, conflagrations, and cold weather, and all manner of other deaths; and perhaps, being poor and without resources, they have not been vouchsafed the customary psalter readings and memorial services, moved by love for mankind, the Divine Fathers ordained that the Orthodox Catholic Church make commemoration of all people, a tradition which they inherited from the Holy Apostles, in order that those who, due to some particular circumstance, did not receive the customary obsequies individually, might be included in the present general commemoration, indicating that whatever is done on their behalf confers great benefit on them.
This is one reason why the Church of God performs the commemoration of souls. A second reason is that, since the Fathers intended, as is fitting, to assign the observance of the Second Coming of Christ to the following day, they appointed a commemoration of all souls on this day, as if propitiating the dread and unerring Judge to show them His innate compassion and place them in the promised Paradise of delight. A third reason is that, since they intended to expound the banishment of Adam on the following Sunday, they devised the present commemoration, on this day of rest, as a respite from, and end of all human affairs, so that they might start from the beginning, that is, the banishment of Adam—for the final event that we will experience is the examination by the impartial Judge of all the deeds that we have committed in our life—and so that, putting fear into men thereby, they might make them ready for the contests of the Fast.
We always commemorate souls on Saturday, because Sabbaton (Sabbath) means “rest” in Hebrew; and since the dead have rested from worldly and all other cares, we offer supplications for them also on the day which means “rest.” It has become customary for us to do this every Saturday. On the present Saturday, we observe a universal commemoration, beseeching God for all the pious. The Fathers, knowing well that what is done on behalf of the reposed, that is, memorial services, almsgiving, and Liturgies, affords them great respite and benefit, allow the Church to do so on both an individual and a general basis, a tradition which they received from the Holy Apostles, as St. Dionysios the Areopagite tells us.
That what the Church does on behalf of souls benefits them, is clear from many sources, but especially from an incident in the life of St. Makarios, who was in the habit of praying for the departed and had besought God to reveal to him whether any benefit was conferred on them thereby. Finding the desiccated skull of an impious pagan on the road that he was traversing, he asked whether the souls in Hades experience any consolation. The skull replied: “We receive great respite, Father, when you pray to God for the departed.” St. Gregory the Dialogist even saved the Emperor Trajan through prayer, though he was told by God never again to make entreaty for one who was impious. In addition to this, through the prayers of the Saints and Confessors, the Empress Theodora snatched the God-hating Theophilos from torments and saved him, as we know from ecclesiastical history. St. Gregory the Theologian, in his funeral oration for his brother Cæsarios, states that supplications for the departed are beneficial for them. In one of his homilies on the Epistle to the Philippians, the great St. John Chrysostomos says: “Let us think of some way to benefit the departed; let us give them whatever assistance we can, by which I mean almsgiving and offerings to the Church on their behalf; for this affords them great profit, gain, and benefit. Indeed, not in vain or haphazardly have these practices been prescribed; it has been handed down to the Church of God by His all-wise Disciples, that the Priest should commemorate the faithful departed at the dread Mysteries.” Elsewhere, he says: “In your will, inscribe the Master as fellow-heir along with your children and kinsfolk; let your papyrus contain the name of the Judge, and let it not fail to mention the poor, and I will stand surety for you.” St. Athanasios the Great says: “Even if one who has died in the true Faith has vanished into thin air, call upon Christ God, and do not avoid lighting oil lamps and candles at his grave; for these things are acceptable to God and bring great recompense.” Observe these things, therefore, whether the deceased is a sinner, so that you might obtain for him forgiveness of his sins, or a righteous man, so that you might gain additional rewards. If perhaps he is a stranger and without means, and thus has no one to take care of him in this situation, yet God, in His righteousness and love for mankind, will provide for him on account of his penury in proportion to the mercy that He sees on our part. Besides, he who makes an offering on behalf of such individuals partakes of the reward, since he has shown concern for the salvation of his neighbor, just as someone who anoints another person with perfume makes himself fragrant first. In fact, those who do not fulfill what is commanded and enjoined in such situations will assuredly bring judgment upon themselves.
Until the Second Coming of Christ, whatever is done on behalf of the departed brings benefit to them, as the Divine Fathers affirm, and, in particular, to those who did even some small amount of good when they were numbered among the living. Although Holy Scripture says certain things—and rightly so—for the chastening of the many, yet God’s love for mankind prevails for the most part. We should know that in the next world all will recognize each other, both those whom they know and those whom they have never seen, as the Divine Chrysostomos says, proving this from the parable of the Rich man and Lazarus. They will not, however, be recognized in bodily form, for everyone will be the same age, and their physical characteristics will be absent, but only by the clairvoyant eye of the soul, as St. Gregory the Theologian says in his funeral oration for Cæsarios: “Then shall I see Cæsarios... brilliant, glorious,...such as in my dreams I have often beheld you, dearest of brothers.” St. Athanasios the Great, in his oration on the departed, says: “Even before the general Resurrection, it is given to the Saints to know each other and to make glad with one another, whereas sinners are deprived of this; and to the Holy Martyrs it is given to see what we do and to visit us in our needs. At the general Resurrection, all will recognize each other and the secrets of all will be made manifest.”
We should know that at present, that is, prior to the general Resurrection, the souls of the Righteous exist in certain specially designated places, and those of sinners in another region, the former rejoicing in their hope, but the latter grieving in expectation of the terrors that await them, since the Saints have not yet received the promise of good things, as the Divine Apostle says, “God having provided some better thing for us, that they without us should not be made perfect” (Hebrews 11:40). It should also be known that not all who have fallen over precipices, or been burnt by fire, or drowned in the sea, or died from deadly poisons, cold, or hunger, suffer these things at God’s behest. These are the judgments of God, some of which happen by His good pleasure, but others by His permission, and yet others for the purpose of instructing, threatening, or chastising other people. In His foreknowledge, God sees and knows all things, and all things happen by His will, as the Holy Gospel says about sparrows (St. Matthew 10:29-31; St. Luke 12:6-7). However, He does not determine that things should happen in this or that way, for example, that one man should drown and another die by natural causes, or that one man should die in old age and another in infancy, but He decreed once and for all that there should be a general lifespan for humanity and so many different kinds of deaths. During this lifespan, various kinds of deaths are brought upon mankind, but God does not determine them from the very beginning, although He does have knowledge of them. In relation to the life of each human being, the will of God adumbrates both the time and the manner of his death. Although St. Basil the Great talks about a predetermination of life, he is alluding to the verse: “Earth art thou, and to earth shalt thou return” (Genesis 3:20). For the Apostle writes to the Corinthians: “[Because ye partake unworthily,] many are weak and sickly among you, and many sleep” (I Corinthians 11:30); the Prophet-King David says: “Take me not away in the midst of my days” (Psalm 101:25), and: “Thou hast made my days as a handbreadth” (Psalm 38:5); the Prophet Moses says: “Honor thy father, that thou mayest have length of days” (Exodus 20:12); and the Prophet-King Solomon says: “lest thou shouldest die before thy time” (Ecclesiastes 7:18). In the Book of Job, God says to Eliphaz: “I would have destroyed you, were it not for My servant Job” (cf. Job 42:8).
Hence, it is evident that there is no predetermined limit of life. If someone says that there is such a limit, please understand that this limit is the will of God; for He adds years to one man’s life as He wills, but reduces them in the case of another, dispensing all things according to what is profitable for us; and, when God wills, He arranges both the manner and the time of death. Therefore, the limit of each man’s life is, as St. Athanasios the Great says, the will and counsel of God. St. Basil says that deaths are brought upon us when the limits of life are fulfilled, but by “limits of life” he means the will of God. For, if there is a limit to life, why do we beseech God and call upon physicians, and pray for our children, that they might live? We should also know that when baptized infants die, they enjoy the Paradise of delight, whereas those not illumined by Baptism and those born of pagans go neither to Paradise nor to Gehenna. When the soul departs from the body, it has no concern for the things of this world, but only for the things of the Heavenly realm.
We celebrate memorial services on the third day, because on that day a man changes his aspect, on the ninth day, because at that time his whole body decays, with only the heart remaining, and on the fortieth day, because on that day even his heart perishes.
Appoint a place in the tabernacles of Thy Righteous for the souls of those who have departed before us, O Christ our Master, and have mercy on us, for Thou alone art immortal. Amen.
"ΤΟ ΨΥΧΟΣΑΒΒΑΤΟ ΤΗΣ ΑΠΟΚΡΕΩ"
ΤΑ ΨΥΧΟΣΑΒΒΑΤΑ
Η Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία έχει καθορίσει δύο Σάββατα, τα οποία αφιερώνει στους κεκοιμημένους της. Είναι τα μεγάλα Ψυχοσάββατα, το ένα πριν από την Κυριακή της Απόκρεω και το άλλο πριν από την Κυριακή της Πεντηκοστής. Γιὰ τὴν ἱστορία καὶ μόνο ἂς γνωρίζουμε ὅτι η καθιέρωση τοῦ Σαββάτου πρὸ τῶν Ἀπόκρεω ὡς Ψυχοσαββάτου, έγινε μᾶλλον και αυτό κατ᾿ ἀπομίμησιν τοῦ Σαββάτου πρὸ τῆς Πεντηκοστῆς, που ήταν και το μόνο που υπήρχε αρχικά.
Βέβαια η αγάπη των ανθρώπων για τους δικούς τους, που δεν ζούν πια μαζί τους, δημιούργησε την εκκλησιαστική παράδοση άλλων τεσσάρων ψυχοσάββατων, που δεν συμπεριλαμβάνονται όμως στο Τυπικό της Εκκλησίας μας. Αυτά είναι, το ψυχοσάββατο της Τυρινής, το Σάββατο της α΄ εβδομάδος των νηστειών, όπου και εορτάζουμε το «δια κολλύβων» θαύμα του Αγίου Θεοδώρου του Τήρωνος, το Σάββατο του Λαζάρου και το Σάββατο πρίν την εορτή του Αγίου Δημητρίου. Ένα ακόμα ψυχοσάββατο θα βρούμε στην παράδοση της Ορθοδόξου Εκκλησίας της Βουλγαρίας, το Σάββατο προ της Συνάξεως των Αρχαγγέλων.
*Με το Ψυχοσάββατο της Πεντηκοστής διατρανώνεται η πίστη μας για την καθολικότητα της Εκκλησίας, της οποίας την ίδρυση και τα γενέθλια ( επί γης ) γιορτάζουμε κατά την Πεντηκοστή. Μέσα στη μία Εκκλησία περιλαμβάνεται η στρατευομένη εδώ στη γη και η θριαμβεύουσα στους ουρανούς.
* Το Ψυχοσάββατο πριν από την Κυριακή της Απόκρεω έχει θεσπιστεί γιατί η επόμενη ημέρα είναι αφιερωμένη στη Δευτέρα Παρουσία του Κυρίου, εκείνη τη φοβερή ημέρα κατά την οποία όλοι θα σταθούμε μπροστά στο θρόνο του μεγάλου Κριτή. Για το λόγο αυτό με το Μνημόσυνο των κεκοιμημένων ζητούμε από τον Κύριο να γίνει ίλεως και να δείξει τη συμπάθεια και τη μακροθυμία του, όχι μόνο σε μας αλλά και στους προαπελθόντας αδελφούς, και όλους μαζί να μας κατατάξει μεταξύ των υιών της Επουράνιας Βασιλείας Του.
Βέβαια η αγάπη των ανθρώπων για τους δικούς τους, που δεν ζούν πια μαζί τους, δημιούργησε την εκκλησιαστική παράδοση άλλων τεσσάρων ψυχοσάββατων, που δεν συμπεριλαμβάνονται όμως στο Τυπικό της Εκκλησίας μας. Αυτά είναι, το ψυχοσάββατο της Τυρινής, το Σάββατο της α΄ εβδομάδος των νηστειών, όπου και εορτάζουμε το «δια κολλύβων» θαύμα του Αγίου Θεοδώρου του Τήρωνος, το Σάββατο του Λαζάρου και το Σάββατο πρίν την εορτή του Αγίου Δημητρίου. Ένα ακόμα ψυχοσάββατο θα βρούμε στην παράδοση της Ορθοδόξου Εκκλησίας της Βουλγαρίας, το Σάββατο προ της Συνάξεως των Αρχαγγέλων.
*Με το Ψυχοσάββατο της Πεντηκοστής διατρανώνεται η πίστη μας για την καθολικότητα της Εκκλησίας, της οποίας την ίδρυση και τα γενέθλια ( επί γης ) γιορτάζουμε κατά την Πεντηκοστή. Μέσα στη μία Εκκλησία περιλαμβάνεται η στρατευομένη εδώ στη γη και η θριαμβεύουσα στους ουρανούς.
* Το Ψυχοσάββατο πριν από την Κυριακή της Απόκρεω έχει θεσπιστεί γιατί η επόμενη ημέρα είναι αφιερωμένη στη Δευτέρα Παρουσία του Κυρίου, εκείνη τη φοβερή ημέρα κατά την οποία όλοι θα σταθούμε μπροστά στο θρόνο του μεγάλου Κριτή. Για το λόγο αυτό με το Μνημόσυνο των κεκοιμημένων ζητούμε από τον Κύριο να γίνει ίλεως και να δείξει τη συμπάθεια και τη μακροθυμία του, όχι μόνο σε μας αλλά και στους προαπελθόντας αδελφούς, και όλους μαζί να μας κατατάξει μεταξύ των υιών της Επουράνιας Βασιλείας Του.
ΤΑ ΜΝΗΜΟΣΥΝΑ
Σύμφωνα με τους Αποστόλους τα μνημόσυνα είναι τα εξής:
■Τὰ «τριήμερα» συμβολίζουν τὴν Ἀνάσταση τοῦ Κυρίου μετὰ τὴν τριήμερη παραμονή Του στὸν τάφο καὶ τελοῦνται μὲ τὴν εὐχὴ ν᾿ ἀναστηθεῖ καὶ ὁ νεκρὸς στὴν οὐράνια βασιλεία.
■Τὰ «ἐννιάμερα» τελοῦνται γιὰ τὰ ἐννέα τάγματα τῶν αΰλων ἀγγέλων, μὲ τὴν εὐχὴ νὰ βρεθεῖ κοντά τους ἡ ἄϋλη ψυχὴ τοῦ νεκροῦ.
■Τὰ «τεσσαρακονθήμερα» τελοῦνται γιὰ τὴν Ἀναλήψη τοῦ Κυρίου, ποὺ ἔγινε σαράντα μέρες μετὰ τὴν Ἀνάστασή Του, μὲ τὴν εὐχὴ νὰ «ἀναληφθεῖ» καὶ ὁ νεκρός, νὰ συναντήσει τὸ Χριστὸ στοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ νὰ ζήσει γιὰ πάντα μαζί Του.
■ Τὰ «ἐτήσια», τέλος, τελοῦνται τὴν ἐπέτειο ἡμέρα τοῦ θανάτου, σὲ ἀνάμνηση τῶν γενεθλίων τοῦ νεκροῦ, καθώς, γιὰ τοὺς πιστοὺς χριστιανούς, ἡμέρα τῆς ἀληθινῆς γεννήσεως εἶναι ἡ ἡμέρα τοῦ σωματικοῦ θανάτου καὶ τῆς μεταστάσεως στὴν αἰώνια ζωή.
Μνημόσυνα, ἀντίστοιχα μὲ τὰ παραπάνω, χωρίς αυτά βέβαια να συμπεριλαμβάνονται στο τυπικό της Εκκλησίας μας, μα περισσότερο στην παράδοση της και στην ανάγκη εκδήλωσης της αγάπης των ανθρώπων για τους οικείους τους που δεν ζούν πλέον μαζί τους, τελοῦνται τὸν τρίτο, ἕκτο καὶ ἔνατο μῆνα ἀπὸ τὴν ἡμέρα τοῦ θανάτου, («τρίμηνα», «ἑξάμηνα», «ἐννεάμηνα») κατόπιν αδείας "ευλογίας" του αρμοδίου ιερέως.
Τὴν μεγαλύτερη βέβαια ὠφέλεια στοὺς νεκροὺς τὴν προξενεῖ ἡ τέλεση τῆς Θείας Λειτουργίας στὴ μνήμη τους,γιατὶ τότε, μὲ τὶς μερίδες τους στὸ ἅγιο δισκάριο, «ἐνώνονται ἀόρατα μὲ τὸ Θεὸ καὶ ἐπικοινωνοῦν μαζί Του καὶ παρηγορούνται καὶ σώζονται καὶ εὐφραίνονται ἐν Χριστῷ» (ἅγιος Συμεὼν Θεσσαλονίκης).
Ἐκτὸς ἀπὸ τὰ εἰδικὰ γιὰ κάθε νεκρὸ μνημόσυνα, ἡ Ἐκκλησία ἔχει στὶς καθημερινὲς ἀκολουθίες της, γενικὲς δεήσεις γιὰ τοὺς κεκοιμημένους, ὅπως εἶναι λ.χ. τὸ νεκρώσιμο μέρος τῆς Ἀκολουθίας τοῦ Μεσονυκτικοῦ καὶ οἱ σχετικὲς ἀναφορὲς στὶς «ἐκτενεῖς δεήσεις» τοῦ Ἑσπερινοῦ, τοῦ Ὄρθρου καὶ τῆς Θείας Λειτουργίας.
Πρέπει νὰ σημειωθεῖ, ἂν καὶ αὐτονόητο, ὅτι ἡ Ἐκκλησία τελεῖ μνημόσυνα μόνο γιὰ τοὺς ὀρθοδόξους χριστιανοὺς ποὺ κοιμήθηκαν μέσα στοὺς κόλπους της.
Ἐκτὸς ἀπὸ τὰ εἰδικὰ γιὰ κάθε νεκρὸ μνημόσυνα, ἡ Ἐκκλησία ἔχει στὶς καθημερινὲς ἀκολουθίες της, γενικὲς δεήσεις γιὰ τοὺς κεκοιμημένους, ὅπως εἶναι λ.χ. τὸ νεκρώσιμο μέρος τῆς Ἀκολουθίας τοῦ Μεσονυκτικοῦ καὶ οἱ σχετικὲς ἀναφορὲς στὶς «ἐκτενεῖς δεήσεις» τοῦ Ἑσπερινοῦ, τοῦ Ὄρθρου καὶ τῆς Θείας Λειτουργίας.
Πρέπει νὰ σημειωθεῖ, ἂν καὶ αὐτονόητο, ὅτι ἡ Ἐκκλησία τελεῖ μνημόσυνα μόνο γιὰ τοὺς ὀρθοδόξους χριστιανοὺς ποὺ κοιμήθηκαν μέσα στοὺς κόλπους της.
ΠΑΡΕΡΜΗΝΕΙΕΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΠΑΡΑΔΟΣΗ
ΤΗΣ ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑΣ
ΤΗΣ ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑΣ
Θὰ πρέπει, τέλος, νὰ ἐξηγήσουμε ὅτι πολλὰ λάθη ἀπὸ τὴν ἄγνοια τοῦ παρελθόντος ἔχουν φτάσει ὡς τὶς μέρες μας, καὶ θὰ πρέπει ἄμεσα νὰ διορθωθοῦν.
■Τὰ μνημόσυνα θὰ πρέπει νὰ γίνονται τὴν ἡμέρα ποὺ πρέπει, αν αυτό είναι εφικτό, αλλιώς κατ’ οικονομία και μόνο ο ιερέας θα επιτρέψει την τέλεση του νωρίτερα ἢ ἀργότερα.
■Τὸ σπάσιμο γυάλινων ἀντικειμένων ἢ ἄλλων τοιούτων,το σκέπασμα των καθρεφτών και των τηλεοράσεων για άγνωστο λόγο και η απαίτηση των συγγενών από τον ιερέα να κάνει αγιασμό στο σπίτι του αποθανόντος για να φύγει το κακό, εἶναι ἄκρως εἰδωλολατρικές συνήθειες και είναι καιρός με την καθοδήγηση των ιερέων μας, να εξαληφθούν από την παράδοση της Εκκλησίας μας.
■Στὰ μνημόσυνα παραθέτουμε καὶ εὐλογοῦνται μόνο καλῶς βρασμένα κόλλυβα (σιτάρι) ὡς ἐνδεικτικὰ τῆς Ἀναστάσεως καὶ ὄχι ἀλλα ὑποκατάστατα (κουλουράκια-ψωμάκια-γλυκά κ.τ.λ.)
■Τὸ πρῶτο Σάββατο τῆς Τεσσαρακοστῆς δὲν εἶναι «Ψυχοσάββατο», ἀλλὰ ἑορτάζουμε τὸ «διὰ κολλύβων» θαῦμα τοῦ Ἁγίου Θεοδώρου τοῦ Τήρωνος.
■Στὰ Ψυχοσάββατα μποροῦμε νὰ παραθέτουμε κόλλυβα εἴτε στην Εκκλησία, στον Ἑσπερινὸ τῆς Παρασκευῆς και στὴν Θεία Λειτουργία τοῦ Σαββάτου, εἴτε στα κοιμητήρια, κατόπιν συννενοήσεως με τους ιερείς, το Σαββάτο μετά την Θεία Λειτουργία, είτε καὶ στὰ δύο. Πρόκειται περὶ τῆς ἰδίας ἀξίας, ἀφοῦ ἡ ἴδια ἀκολουθία διαβάζεται.
■Τὰ εὐλογηθέντα κόλλυβα δεν τὰ πετάμε ποτέ στὰ σκουπίδια, παρά μόνο τα μοιράζουμε σε γνωστούς και φίλους εις μνημόσυνο και συγχώρεση του αποθανόντα.
Υ.Σ : Αν ψάξουμε και στα ιδιαίτερα ήθη και έθιμα κάθε τόπου θα βρούμε σίγουρα και άλλες συνήθειες των ανθρώπων, άλλες σωστές και άλλες εντελώς λανθασμένες. Για τον λόγο αυτό πάντα για ότι απορία έχουμε να ερωτούμε τον ιερέα που σίγουρα ξέρει κάτι παραπάνω από εμάς σ’ αυτά τα θέματα.
Ο Θεός να αναπαύσει τις ψυχές όλων των κεκοιμημένων αδελφών μας!!!
Ο Θεός να αναπαύσει τις ψυχές όλων των κεκοιμημένων αδελφών μας!!!
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