Saint Theophylact of Ochrid-Meatfare Sunday, The Last Judgment

 Meatfare Sunday
The Last Judgment

Matthew 25:31-46

From The Explanation of the Gospel of St. Matthew

by Blessed Theophylact, Archbishop of Ochrid and Bulgaria

31-33. When the Son of Man shall come in His glory, and all the holy angels with Him, then shall He sit upon the throne of His glory: and before Him shall be gathered all nations: and He shall separate them one from another, as a shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats: and He shall set the sheep on His right hand, but the goats on the left. Since the first coming of the Lord was not with glory but with dishonor and indignity, He says, When He shall come in His glory. For at the second coming He will come with glory, escorted by angels. First He will divide the saints from the sinners, delivering them from tribulations, and set them on His right, and then speak to them. He calls the saints sheep on account of their gentleness, and because they yield fruit and useful things for us, as do sheep, providing wool, which is divine and spiritual protection, and milk, which is the sustenance that is needed. The goats are the sinners, for they walk along the precipices and are unruly and fruitless.

34-40. Then shall the King say unto them on His right hand, Come, ye blessed of My Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world: for I was hungry, and ye fed Me: I was thirsty, and ye gave Me drink: I was a stranger, and ye took Me in: naked, and ye clothed Me: I was sick, and ye visited Me: I was in prison, and ye came unto Me. Then shall the righteous answer Him, saying, Lord, when saw we Thee hungry, and fed thee? or thirsty, and gave Thee drink? When saw we Thee a stranger, and took Thee in? or naked, and clothed Thee? Or when saw we Thee sick, or in prison, and came unto Thee? And the King shall answer and say unto them, Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these My brethren, ye have done it unto Me. He does not give honor or punishment until He has first judged. For He loves mankind and teaches us to do the same as well, not to punish until we have made a careful examination. In this way those who are punished after the judgement will have no cause for complaint. He calls the saints blessed as they have been accepted by the Father. He considers them to be inheritors of the kingdom to show that God makes them participants in His own glory as His sons. For He did not say, "receive", but rather inherit, as a man would say of his father’s estate. By the least brethren He means either His own disciples or, simply, all the poor. For every poor man is Christ’s brother for the very reason that Christ, too, spent His life in poverty. See also God’s righteousness, how He acclaims the saints; and see the good disposition of their mind, how they deny, with befitting modesty, that they have cared for Him. But the Lord accepts as for Himself the things that were done for the poor.

41-46. Then shall He say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from Me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels: for I was hungry, and ye gave Me nothing to eat: I was thirsty, and ye gave Me no drink: I was a stranger, and ye took Me not in: naked, and ye clothed Me not: sick, or in prison, and ye visited Me not. Then shall they also answer Him, saying, Lord, when saw we Thee hungry, or thirsty, or a stranger, or naked, or sick, or in prison, and did not minister unto Thee? Then shall He answer them, saying, Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye did it not to one of the least of these, ye did it not to Me. And these shall go away into everlasting punishment: but the righteous into life eternal. He sends those on the left into the fire which had been prepared for the devil. For as the demons are without compassion and are cruelly and maliciously disposed towards us, it is fitting that those who are of like mind with them, and who have been cursed by their own deeds, should merit the same punishment. See that God did not prepare the fire for men, nor did He make hell for us, but for the devil—I make myself liable to hell. Tremble, then, O man, and understand from this that these men were not punished as fornicators, or robbers, or perpetrators of any other vice, but for not having done good. Indeed, if you consider things well, the robber is he who has much and does not give alms, even if he does no obvious injury. For whatever he has in excess of his needs, he has stolen from those who are in need and who have not received anything from him. If he had shared these things with them, they would not be in need. Now that he has locked these things up and kept them for himself, for this very reason they are in need. So he who does not give alms is a robber, doing injustice to all those whom he could have helped but did not, and for this reason he and those like him shall go away into eternal punishment which never ends; but the righteous shall enter into eternal life.

Just as the saints have unceasing joy, so too the unjust have unceasing punishment, despite the gibberish of Origen who says that there is an end to hell and that sinners will not be punished for ever, but that there will be a time when they enter the place of the righteous because they have been purified by suffering in hell. (1) Origen is clearly refuted here, both when the Lord speaks of everlasting punishment, that is, never ending, and when He likens the righteous to sheep and the sinners to goats. Just as a goat can never become a sheep, neither can a sinner ever be cleansed and become righteous after the Judgement. Outer darkness (mentioned in the preceding parable of the talents) is that which is furthest from the light of God and for that reason renders the punishment more harsh. There is another reason that could be mentioned, and that is that the sinner is in darkness even in this life, as he has fallen away from the Sun of Righteousness, but as there is still hope of conversion, this is not yet the outer darkness. But when he has died and an examination has been made of the things he has done, then the outer darkness in its turn receives him. For there is no longer any hope of conversion, but he undergoes a complete deprivation of the good things of God. While he is here in this life he enjoys to some degree the good things of God, I mean, the tangible things of creation, and he believes that he is in some manner a servant of God, living out his life in God’s house, which is this creation, being fed by Him and provided with the necessities of life. But then he will be altogether cut off from God, having no share at all in the good things of God. This is that darkness which is called outer by comparison to the darkness here, which is not outer because the sinner is not yet completely cut off from this time onward.

You, then, O reader, flee from this absence of compassion, and practice almsgiving, both tangible and spiritual. Feed Christ Who hungers for our salvation. If you give food and drink to him who hungers and thirsts for teaching, you have given food and drink to Christ. For within the Christian there is Christ, and faith is nourished and increased by teaching. If you should see someone who has become a stranger to his heavenly fatherland, take him in with you. While you yourself are entering into the heavens, lead him in as well, lest while you preach to others, you yourself be rejected. If a man should cast off the garment of incorruption which he had at his baptism, rendering him naked, clothe him; and if one should be infirm in faith, as Paul says, help him; and visit him who is shut up in the dark prison of this body and give him counsel which is as a light to him. Perform, then, all of these six types of love, both bodily and also spiritually, for we consist of both soul and body, and these acts of love are to be accomplished by both.

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1. Origen’s false teaching of apokatastasis, the restoration of all things, was condemned as a heresy at the Fifth Ecumenical Council held at Constantinople in 553 A.D.

Ποιός εἶναι ὁ Χριστιανός;

Ὁ Χριστιανός εἶναι ἕνας μικρός Χριστός ἐπάνω στήν γῆ. Ναί!

Ὁ Χριστιανός πρέπει νά εἶναι μιά σμικρογραφία τοῦ Χριστοῦ. Ὅπως, ὅταν ἀποσπάσουμε μιά σταγόνα νεροῦ ἀπό τήν θάλασσα, ἔχουμε στά χέρια μας μία σμικρογραφία τῆς θαλάσσης, ἔτσι καί ὅταν ἀποσπάσουμε ἕναν Χριστιανό ἀπό τό μυστικό σῶμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ, ἔχουμε μία σμικρογραφία Χριστοῦ…

Γιά νά εἶναι κάθε Χριστιανός ἕνας μικρός Χριστός, ὀφείλει νά ἀποκτήση νοῦ Χριστοῦ, μάτια Χριστοῦ, γλῶσσα Χριστοῦ, χέρια Χριστοῦ, καρδιά Χριστοῦ.

Νοῦ Χριστοῦ, πού νά εἶναι πάντα φωτεινός, πού νά μήν φιλοξενῆ σκέψι κακή, νά μήν σκέπτεται καί νά μήν σχεδιάζη τό κακό.

Μάτια Χριστοῦ, πού νά μήν βλέπουν τήν ματαιότητα τοῦ κόσμου, ἀλλά τήν αἰωνιότητα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ. Μάτια καθαρά, βλέμμα ἁγνό, γεμᾶτο συμπόνια καί καλωσύνη.

Γλῶσσα Χριστοῦ, πού νά ὑπηρετῆ τήν ἀλήθεια, νά ὑπερασπίζεται τήν δικαιοσύνη καί νά εἶναι ἄγρυπνος φρουρός τῶν δικαιωμάτων τοῦ Θεοῦ.

Χέρια Χριστοῦ, πού νά μήν διαπράττουν κλοπή, πού νά μήν παλαμίζουν τό Εὐαγγέλιο, νά μή χειροδικοῦν καί καθίστανται δολοφονικά.

Καρδιά Χριστοῦ, πού νά ἀγαπᾶ χωρίς ὑπολογισμούς. Μιά καρδιά πού νά χωροῦν ἀκόμη καί οἱ πλέον ἄσπονδοι ἐχθροί. Μιά καρδιά, πού νά μή σείεται ἀπ’ τό κακό, πού νά μήν πληγώνεται ἀπό τόν πονηρό· μιά καρδιά γεμάτη ἀπό θεϊκή ἀγάπη.

Αὐτός εἶναι ὁ Χριστιανός. Ναί, αὐτό θά πῆ Χριστιανός.

Πηγή: Ἀπό τό βιβλίο «Γρηγορεῖτε» τοῦ Ἀρχιμ. Θεοφίλου Ζησοπούλου

St.Nikodemos The Hagiorite-Our severe judgment of others comes from a high opinion of ourselves and the instigation of the devil. How to overcome this tendency

Saint Nikodemos The Hagiorite

 

 Unseen Warfare

Self-love and high opinion of ourselves give birth in us to yet another evil which does us grievous harm; namely, severe judgment and condemnation of our neighbours, when we regard them as nothing, despise them and, if an occasion offers) humiliate them.
This evil habit or vice, being born of pride, feeds and grows on pride; and in turn feeds pride and makes it grow. For every time we pass judgment our pride takes a step forward, through the accompanying effect of self-importance and self-gratification.

Since we value and think of ourselves so highly, we naturally look at others from on high, judge and despise them, for we seem to ourselves far removed from such faults as we think others possess. And here, seeing our evil disposition, our ever-wicked enemy stands by watchfully and, opening our eyes, teaches us to keep a sharp watch for what others say and do. From these observations he makes us draw conclusions as to their thoughts and feelings; and, on these suppositions, form an opinion of them, generally not good, exaggerating this supposed defect into a deep-rooted feature. These judges do not see and realise that the very origin of their judgment, the suspicion of wrong in others, is impressed on the mind by the action of the enemy, and then fanned by him into a conviction that they are actually such, although it is not so at all.
So, brother, since the enemy watches you constantly, waiting for an opportunity to sow evil in you, be doubly watchful over yourself, lest you fall into the nets spread for you. As soon as he shows you some fault in your neighbour, hasten to repel this thought, lest it take root in you and grow. Cast it out, so that no trace is left in you, and replace it by the thought of the good qualities you know your neighbour to possess, or of those people generally should have. If you still feel the impulse to pass
judgment, add to this the truth, that you are given no authority for this and that the moment you assume this authority you thereby make yourself worthy of judgment and condemnation, not before powerless men, but before God, the all-powerful Judge of all.
This reversal of thoughts is the strongest means, not only for repelling accidental critical thoughts, but also for completely freeing yourself of this vice. The second method, equally very strong, is never to let go from your mind the memory of your own wickedness, your unclean and evil passions and actions, and correspondingly to hold on to the constant realisation of your own unworthiness. 

You will certainly find in yourself no small number of such passions and passionate actions. If you have not given up and shrugged your shoulders, saying: ‘Come what may”, you cannot help caring about finding a cure for these ills, which are killing you. But if you act sincerely in this, you should have no time free to concern yourself in the affairs of others and to pass sentence on them. 

For then, if you let yourself do this, the sayings will keep ringing in your ears: “Physician, heal thyself” (Luke iv. 23). “First cast out the beam out of thine own eye” (Matt. vii. 5).
Moreover, when you judge severely some wrong action of your neighbour, you must know that a small root of the same wickedness is also in your own heart, which, by its passionate nature, teaches you to make suppositions about others and to judge them. “An evil man out of the evil treasure” (of the heart) “bringeth forth evil things ‘ (Matt. xii. 35). But an eye, that is pure and without passion, looks too without passion on the actions of others, and not with evil. “Thou art of purer eyes than to behold evil” (Habakkuk i. 13). 

Therefore when the thought comes to condemn another man for some fault, be indignant with yourself as a perpetrator of the same actions and guilty of the same fault; and say in your heart: ‘ Unworthy as I am, how can I raise my head to see the faults of others and accuse them, when I am submerged in the same sin and my trespasses are even greater?’ By doing this you will turn against yourself the weapon, which evil thought urges you to use against another; and instead of wounding your brother you will put plasters on your own wounds.
If the sin of your brother is not hidden but obvious to everyone, try to see its cause, not in what the wicked passion for judging suggests, but in what a brotherly feeling towards him may indicate, and say to yourself: since this brother has many hidden virtues, so, to protect them from being harmed by vainglory, God has allowed him to fall into the present sin, or to stay a short time in this unbecoming guise, so that he should appear unworthy in his own eyes and, being despised for it by others, should gather the fruits of humility and become even more pleasing to God; in this way the present instance will do him more good than harm. 

Even if a person’s sin is not only obvious, but very grievous and comes from a hardened and unrepentant heart, do not condemn him, but raise your eyes to the wondrous and incomprehensible judgments of God; then you will see that many people, formerly full of iniquity, later repented and reached a high degree of sanctity, and that, on the other hand, others, who were on a high level of perfection, fell into a deep abyss. Take care, lest you also suffer this calamity through judging others.

So stand always on guard in fear and trembling, fearing more for yourself than for others. And be assured that every good word you may utter for your neighbour, and every rejoicing for his sake is the action and fruit of the Holy Spirit in you, whereas every bad word and scornful condemnation comes from your evil nature and suggestions of the devil. Therefore, when you are tempted by some wrong action of your brother, do not let your eyes sleep until you have driven this temptation from your heart and wholly made peace with your brother.

Taken from "Unseen Warfare" By St Nikodemos The Hagiorite

Freedom from death..

By Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos

Freedom from death

It can be seen clearly in the whole Biblico-patristic tradition that death is a fruit and result of man’s withdrawal from God and that the life in Christ is a transcending of death. Death came about through man’s freedom and self-will, and through life in the Church he can attain freedom from death. I should like to develop the subject of death in the light of two great Fathers of the Church, St. John of Damaskos and St. Gregory Palamas, who wrote down and systematised the whole teaching of the earlier saints.

a) Independence and death, according to St. John of Damaskos

According to St. John of Damaskos, man’s freedom, with which he was endowed by God, gave him the ability to commit sin or not. He writes that God made man “by nature sinless and endowed with freedom of will”. When he says that God made man sinless, he does not mean that he was not open to sin, because only the divine is not open to sin, but that “it is not in his nature to sin, but rather in his power of choice”. This means that man had the power to persevere and progress in the good, with the help of divine grace, as well as having the power to turn from virtue and fall into vice, “God permitting it because of man’s free will.”

Thus man’s nature was sinless immediately after his creation, but his will was free, he had the power to remain good and the power to withdraw from God. This is why death came as a result of the misuse of freedom, because man disobeyed God’s will. So man was created with the possibility of remaining immortal or of dying. And this depended on the right or wrong use of his freedom.

This freedom was related to reason. St. John of Damaskos, explaining why he was created with free will, says: “The freedom of the will is directly connected with the reason”. And everything that is created is also changeable. Being brought from nonbeing to being is a change, and so is being made into something else from an existing material. Now, inanimate things and brute beasts are changed by corporeal alterations, whereas rational beings are changed by deliberate choice. Thus choice, will, selection, which is connected with reason, is necessarily a mark of the created being, which was created out of non-being. Everyone who thinks and elaborates his thought has the possibility of making a choice. Since free will is connected with reason, therefore “a being may be irrational or rational; but if it is rational, it will be the master of its actions and free”. Irrational beings are not free, since, instead of leading nature, they are led by it. This is clear from the fact that they do not deny their natural appetite, but just as soon as they feel an appetite for something, they move to act. However, since man is rational, “he leads his nature rather than is led by it”. And this is clear from the fact that he has freedom to resist the appetite or to obey it.”

Thus man has free will, since he is created and changeable, and this free will is connected with reason. Man committed sin and died, first spiritually and later physically; he became mortal and passible. This is connected with his freedom. God did not create man to die, but man died because he misused his freedom.

I would like next to look at the teaching of St. Gregory Palamas about death and the way in which it came into the world.

b) The entrance of death according to St. Gregory Palamas

Citing the scriptural passage: “God did not make death, nor does He take pleasure in destroying the living” (Wisdom 1,13), St. Gregory Palamas writes that God not only did not create death, but neither is He the cause of the terrible things which followed death: diseases, illnesses and all the other evils. All the terrible things from which man suffers came from the sin which he committed by his free choice. He says: “It was through sin that we were clothed in garments of skin, this sickly and mortal and distressed body, and we have been deported to this temporary and destructible world and condemned to live a life of much suffering, full of disasters.” The garments of skin which we have been wearing, which are mortal and passible, are a result of sin, which came about through our own choice and freedom.

God not only did not create death, but he hindered its coming into the world. Since man had free will and God did not want to abolish his free will — this would mean a disaster — therefore as soon as He had created him and given him life, He gave him an immortalising piece of advice. The advice not to eat of the forbidden fruit is called a life-giving commandment, because it would lead man to life and would keep him from going towards death. He did not give this commandment imperatively, “but forewarned him of what would happen if it was not obeyed”. And He gave the commandment that on the day when they should eat they would die, so that they might take care not to transgress and thus avoid “meeting with death.”


In speaking about the death which man would meet if he transgressed His commandment, God meant both spiritual and physical death. But on the day of man’s sin, spiritual death would come, and then physical death, because on the day when he tasted the forbidden fruit he did not die physically, but spiritually. Spiritual death is forsaking God, precisely as the absence of light creates darkness. When God is present, it is impossible for man to experience death. St. Gregory Palamas writes: “When God, Who is life itself and the life of all the living, especially of those living a godly life, is present to our soul, it is impossible for death to be there as well”. Thus, death comes to our soul “not from God, but because of our abandonment of God, which is sin.” It is clear from this teaching that the cause of death is sin and, naturally, sin is linked with free will, with man’s ability to sin or to keep God’s commandment, to remain in God or to abandon God, where the true enhypostatic life is.

c) Sin and death

From all that we have said so far we can see that death came from sin, but it has to be added that sin also reigns in death. That is to say, sin and death are mutually interdependent. The Apostle Paul writes: “so that as sin reigned in death, even so grace might reign through righteousness to eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord” (Rom. 5, 21). And in another place the same Apostle advises: “Therefore do not let sin reign in your mortal body, that you should obey it in its lusts” (Rom. 6, 12). And again the same Apostle says characteristically: “the sting of death is sin” (1 Cor. 15, 56).

In these apostolic passages sin is linked with death and it is said that sin is the sting of death, just as sin also reigns in death and in the mortal body. Thus the whole world of the senses, of mortality and the imagination is a prison which tyrannises man. Man cries out for freedom and for individual rights, but in reality he is a prisoner of decay and death. The Apostle Paul expresses this fact in all its tragic character: “I see another law in my members, warring against the law of my nous, and bringing me into captivity to the law of sin which is in my members. O wretched man that I am! Who will deliver me from this body of death?” (Rom. 7, 23-24).

I think it would be interesting to look a little more broadly at how sin reigns in death, how sin and man’s wretchedness come from mortality and corruptibility through his way of living death. For the sense of death and the certainty of it lead man to commit sins. And we can say with certainty that the way of living and the sense of death are a source of many troubles, both personal and social.

Because of death and the uncertainty of it, but also because of the variety of its consequences, which are illnesses and all the other sufferings, man is possessed of fear and anguish and in general of the instinct of self-preservation. The effort of self-preservation develops selfishness,

whereby man breaks the bonds of love, in fact abandons unselfish love and takes on love of self. He does all these things in the climate of self-love and vanity. Thus many passions develop, such as self-protection, egoism, hatred, jealousy and so many other things.

Therefore riches, private property, injustices, the lack of true love, murder and so many other evils, which are also a source of many other troubles, come from the experience of death.

Because death reigns in him and he sees his mortality in all its “majesty” and sees the sin that is bound up with this mortality and considers his life to be meaningless, therefore he tries in every way to persuade others that he is worthy. Many evils come from this. “He loves adulation and fears insults. He seeks his own and is jealous of others’ successes. He loves those who love him and hates those who hate him. He looks for safety and prosperity in wealth, praise, and bodily pleasures, or perhaps he imagines that he is destined for a personally blessed and placid enjoyment of the presence of God, unrelated to any expression of genuine and active love for others. Because of his anguish and fear, man becomes an individualist. And when he also identifies himself with some ideology of common ownership (not monastic-ascetic) he is again moved by individualistic selfishness, because he mistakenly sees his desire for self-satisfaction and happiness as his true destination. It may even be that some general ideological principles about love for mankind fire him with enthusiasm in some undefined way, in spite of the fact that a deadly hatred for his neighbour is lurking in his heart. These are the works of the ‘flesh’ which is under the power of death and satan.”

Interpreting the apostolic passage: “and release those who through fear of death were all their lifetime subject to bondage” (Heb. 2,15), St. John Chrysostom says “he who fears death is a slave, and submits to all things rather than die”30. A man who is under the influence of death is a slave of sin, of the devil, and of death itself. He is also a slave of the passions and does everything in order to avoid dying, to prolong his life on earth. Referring to the people before Christ’s resurrection, Chrysostom writes characteristically: “ever expecting that they should die, and being afraid of death, could have no sense of pleasure while this fear was present with them.”


The life of the man who is under the threat of death and the law of sin becomes unbearable and tiresome, it becomes a life without meaning and purpose. Man was formed with the possibility of remaining immortal and of living eternally with God. But through sin he lost this calling, with the result that he suffered a terrible experience, that of being sheathed in mortality and corruptibility. Because he knows that the purpose of his creation was different, he becomes unbearable, unsatisfied, hard to manage. He is not satisfied with anything, not pleased by anything, not content with anything good whatsoever. He can enjoy all the material goods, yet without overcoming death he is a tragic man. This is the explanation of why he is constantly possessed by a grievance. The man who is a slave of death has no freedom at all, he is a tragic being, a continually unsatisfied man. The theatre, literature, philosophy and other such things are a small respite in the tragedy of his life. So education, psychology, philosophy, the human activities in general, cannot effectively help him or develop him fully.

In the tragedy of this situation man tries to forget death. This too is a way of escape from the reality and tragic nature of death. But it increases the problem and the tragedy. By repressing and forgetting death man is led to a sensual life, to consumption and a way of living which consists only of material enjoyment. “Autonomised consumption as a basic content of life, corresponds opportunely with man’s need to possess, to have sensual pleasure and to forget his death.” This way of life, which is called the culture of consumption, “this vague and illusory ‘science’ (which certainly has no connection with study and research) solves all the metaphysical problems of the average man, it answers all his questions, and presents death either as a physiological end to biological existence and a plunge into non-existence, or, finally, as the last obstacle to the advance of science, which also cannot but be conquered some day.”

d) Transcending death

The dreadful results of death and its tragic nature arc transcended by Christ’s resurrection and the ecclesiastical life in general Church. As long as sin is the sting of death, it means that when sin is abolished, death too is abolished within the personal life, and so a man in this life enjoyi immortality. For immortality is not simply the natural I “” dition of the soul, it is not the life beyond the tomb, bill il” transcending of death through the life in Christ.

The Apostle Paul, who speaks of sin as the sting of death, writes: “when this corruptible has put on incorruption, and this mortal has put on immortality, then shall be brought to pass the saying that is written: ‘Death is swallowed up in victory. ‘O Death, where is your sting? O Hades, where is your victory? The sting of death is sin’ (1 Cor. 15, 54-56).

The interpretation given by St. John Chrysostom is characteristic. He says that not only has death been abolished by Christ’s Resurrection, but the power of the devil has been destroyed. “Do you see that in casting out the tyranny of death, he also overthrew the strength of the devil?.” After Christ’s Resurrection death “is no longer terrible, but has been trodden under foot, has been utterly despised; it is vile and of no account.” Therefore anyone who lives the life in Christ “fears no one, he is in terror of no one, he is higher than all, and more free than all.” Therefore true freedom is the transcending of death, it is freedom from death and sin.

The person who lives in the Church by the sacramental and ascetic life is rejecting the sting of death, which is sin. If we think of how in the whole patristic tradition it seems that sin is darkening of the nous, and from this darkening the passions are created, then freedom from death and from sin is the illumination of the nous. This means that man first goes through the stage of purification, casts out of his heart all evil thoughts, rids himself of pleasure and pain, then experiences illumination of his nous. And then he lives a truly free life which transcends death. The Christian’s whole ascetic effort consists in this, and this is the aim of the sacraments and asceticism.

The Christian in the Church first experiences mindfulness of death. Not only does he not seek to forget death and to thrust it into the unconscious, not only does he deny the reality and tragic character of death, but he has it constantly in his mind and in this way acquires a naturalness, because the sense of mortality and decay is truthfulness.

Mindfulness of death, which is the beginning of man’s freedom from its tragic character, is meant in two senses.

The first is mindfulness of mortality and the certainty of the end of biological life. This mindfulness, combined with the existence of the soul after death, the partial crisis after the soul’s departure, and the resurrection of the body at the Second Coming of Christ for the whole man to be judged, creates terror and fear. Man reflects upon the sin and passions which possess his soul, he recalls what Christ and the Apostles taught about the life of sinners, of the unrepentant, and he is possessed with fear and terror. It is the fear and terror of the entry into the spiritual life. This fear, increased by and connected with hope in the love of God and the sense of the Church as a Hospital leads him to a cure and to love, which “casts out fear” (1 John 4, 18). Thus there is the fear of the entry, aroused by the Judgement to come and the reality of Hell, and the fear of the perfect, which is connected with the sense of God’s love. In this second category man fears sin because he realises that it leads him far from God and creates in him the sense of Gehenna/eternal torment.

A second interpretation of the recollection of dotttl I the charismatic state of remembering death. Through the removal of divine grace, man falls into despair and godly hopelessness. Just as Adam’s sin had consequences whole of creation, so also man’s sin, that is to say the darkness of the nous, has cosmological consequences. He himself feels that he is dead to God and, indeed, he sees the whole world as dead, dying. Nothing offers him joy, peace and happiness. Everything is dead. In this way he understands existentially that he is a microcosm within the macrocosm, a summing up of the whole creation. Since the grace of God comes to the heart and is conveyed through it to the body and to the whole cosmos, and the loss of the grace of God has disastrous effects on the whole world, this means that man is the summing up of creation.

It can be said that the sin which we commit is worse than Adam’s sin. St. Gregory Palamas says that many people blame Adam because by following the advice of the devil he disobeyed the advice of God “and thereby brought about our death”. But, he says, it is not the same to want to taste a deadly plant before knowing its destructive effects, as it is to taste this deadly poison when we know its dreadful consequences from experience. It is the same with our own sin in relation to Adam’s sin. Adam sinned without knowing through experience exactly what sin was and what were its dreadful results, whereas each of us commits sin, having this experience. Therefore St. Gregory Palamas says: “Each of us is more worthy of blame and criticism than Adam.”


Mindfulness of death, either as an experience of mortality or as a sense of the loss of the divine life, is a spiritual gift, and therefore an experience of transcending death and of our freedom from its tyranny. For this experience even with the two forms is not independent of the grace of God. It is only through the inspiration of the grace of God

that man can experience such states and only in this way that he can free himself from the tragedy of death. This is why ways of life which embrace mindfulness of death, lives which are “death-centred” are natural and true, they mark the natural boundaries of man’s life. Through the sense of mortality a man becomes more social and transforms his personal relationships.

St. Philotheos of Sinai writes that mindfulness of death embraces many virtues. “Mindfulness of death begets grief; it promotes the exercise of self-control in all things; it is a reminder of hell; it is the mother of prayer and tears; it induces guarding of the heart and detachment from material things; it is a source of attentiveness and discretion. These in their turn produce the twofold fear of God. In addition, the purging of impassioned thoughts from the heart embraces many of the Lord’s commandments.”


Liberation from death is brought about by life in Christ, when the person feels an inalienable peace in his heart, a love for all men, and even for his enemies, release from every tyranny which created things wish to impose, uninterrupted mindfulness of God.

I should like for us to look next at some particular characteristic signs which manifest the transcendence of death, man’s liberation from its dreadful tyranny.

The first is that the person is not afraid of death and the time of death. Not only is he not possessed by the fear of death, but he is also looking forward to it. Of course this anticipation is not from the point of view that he is waiting for his soul’s release and freedom from his body, as the Platonic philosophers taught, but for the possibility of meeting Christ and being liberated from the change and deterioration which constitute the biological life. I may add that he rejoices as the hour approaches. This is expressed by the Apostle Paul: “For me to live is Christ, and to die is gain. But if I live on in the flesh, this will mean fruit from my labour; yet what I shall choose I cannot tell. For I am hard-pressed between the two, having a desire to depart and be with Christ, which is far better. Nevertheless to remain in the flesh is more needful for you” (Phil. 1,21-24).

The second is foreknowledge of death. There are many saints, old and new, who have been granted by God to see the hour of their death and to prepare themselves for it. They have seen it and waited for it in joy.

The third is the confronting of death when it comes. Athanasios the Great describes the blissful end of St. Antony the Great. After talking with those present, and kissing them, “he lifted up his feet; and with a look as though friends had come to him and he was overjoyed at the sight of them — for, as he lay there, his face had a cheerful look — he passed away and was gathered to his fathers.”


The fourth is the glory of the man who has overcome sin and death by the time of his departure from this life. A characteristic example is that of Sisoes the Great. When he was at the point of death, while many fathers were with him, “his face shone like the sun”. Then he said: “Look, Abba Anthony is coming”. A little later he said, “Look, the choir of prophets is coming. “And again his face shone more brightly… A little later he said: “Look, the choir of apostles is coming”, and the brightness in his face redoubled. Then those present, seeing that he was speaking with someone, asked him to tell them with whom he was speaking. He replied: “The angels have come to fetch me, and I

am begging them to let me do a little penance”. And when the fathers told him that he had no need for penance, he replied: “Truly, I do not think that I have even made a beginning yet”. With that the Fathers understood “that he was perfect”. Then at once his face became like the sun. And he said to those present: “Look, the Lord is coming and He is saying: “Bring me the vessel from the desert”. And at once he gave up his spirit. “Then there was a flash of lightning and all the house was filled with a sweet odour.”

The fifth characteristic sign of the gift of a blessed death is the martyrdom of a saint. Death through martyrdom is really a gift of grace, because it is not a matter of will power, but an experience of deification, which is a clear indication of the transcendence of death. In fact martyrdom is a fruit of seeing God, an indication that the Christian has been united with Christ and received a martyr’s grace. This means that the experience of deification transforms the soul and body. But martyrdom is a gift of a blessed death and a sign of transcendence of death, according to a theological explanation given by St. Gregory Palamas.

Speaking of the Worthy Forerunner, and especially of his beheading, he writes that the Baptist of Christ “did not need to undergo natural death”. It was not necessary to undergo a natural death, because death is a result of Adam’s transgression. But the Worthy Forerunner is not a debtor, because he is a servant of the commandment and subject to God from his mother’s womb. The saints generally give their lives for virtue and devotion “and for this reason a violent death is more suitable for them than a good death”. That is why Christ died in this way. As long as the sting

of death, which is sin, is set aside in the saints, the most natural way of departure from this life is through martyrdom, a violent death.

The saints inspired by the grace of God were freed from the reign of death. This is not an imaginary thing, but a reality, for it is related to man’s freedom from sin and the liberation of the nous from reasoning, the senses and the imagination.

3. The freedom of the nous

Freedom from death and from sin is very closely connected with the freedom of the nous from sin. Freedom is used in this sense in the New Testament, especially in the epistles of the Apostle Paul. Let us look at two characteristic passages.

a) Freedom and nous

The first passage is: “And having been set free from sin, you became slaves of righteousness. I speak in human terms because of the weakness of your flesh. For just as you presented your members as slaves of uncleanness, and of lawlessness leading to more lawlessness, so now present your members as slaves of righteousness for holiness. For when you were slaves of sin, you were free in regard to righteousness. What fruit did you have then in the things of which you are now ashamed? For the end of those things is death. But now having been set free from sin, and having become slaves of God, you have your fruit unto sanctification, and the end, everlasting life. For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord” (Rom. 6,18-22).

Here for the Apostle Paul slavery is linked with slavery to the passions and to the deeds of the flesh, the end of which is death, while freedom is linked with man’s purity from the passions, with holiness, and the end of this freedom is eternal life. In the teaching of the Apostle Paul freedom is in reality the freedom of the nous from attack by the passions, and this brings about illumination of the nous.

St. Nikodemos the Hagiorite, interpreting this passage, says: “There are three freedoms according to Koresios: Freedom of nature, the freedom of grace and the freedom of glory and beatitude. Freedom of nature is contrary to force and to the tendency toward a single good and makes one independent. Freedom of grace is opposed to sin and the passions and makes one righteous and holy. And the freedom of glory is opposed to death and to the temptations of the present life and makes one blessed; this is the Apostle’s word concerning freedom and grace.” So it concerns freedom of the nous.

 

Taken from The book "The person in the Orthodox Tradition" by Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos

Γ.Νεκτάριος Μουλατσιώτης-Τι αντίσταση πρέπει να κάνουμε όταν ο διάβολος...νικά

Ομιλία Γέροντος Νεκταρίου Μουλατσιώτη με θέμα: "ΤΙ ΑΝΤΙΣΤΑΣΗ ΠΡΕΠΕΙ ΝΑ ΚΑΝΟΥΜΕ ΟΤΑΝ Ο ΔΙΑΒΟΛΟΣ ΦΑΙΝΕΤΑΙ ΟΤΙ ΝΙΚΑ" Η ομιλία πραγματοποιήθηκε στην Ιερά Μονή Αγίων Αυγουστίνου Ιππώνος και Σεραφείμ του Σαρώφ την Τετάρτη 6 Μαρτίου 2013.

Αγίου Κυρίλλου, Αρχιεπισκόπου Ιεροσολύμων: "Ομιλία εις την Δευτέραν Παρουσίαν του Κυρίου"

 

Διακηρύττουμε παρουσίαν Χριστού, όχι μόνον μίαν, αλλά και δευτέραν πολύ καλλιτέραν της προηγουμένης· διότι η πρώτη αποτελούσε επίδειξιν υπομονής, ενώ η ερχομένη φέρει το στέμμα της θείας Βασιλείας. Πράγματι στον Κύριον ημών Ιησούν Χριστόν τα πάντα, ως επί το πλείστον, είναι διπλά· διπλή γέννησις, μία από τον Θεόν προαιωνίως και μία από την Παρθένον στους εσχάτους καιρούς· δύο κάθοδοι· μία η αφανής «ως επί πόκον» και Δευτέρα η ένδοξος και επιφανής, η μέλλουσα.

Κατά την πρώτην παρουσίαν εσπαργανώθη στην φάτνην, στην Δευτέρα «αναβάλλεται(ενδύεται) φως ως ιμάτιον». Στην πρώτην «υπέμεινε σταυρόν αισχύνης καταφρονήσας», στην δευτέραν θα έλθη δοξαζόμενος, δορυφορούμενος από στρατιές αγγέλων. Δεν μένουμε λοιπόν στην πρώτην μόνον παρουσίαν, αλλά προσδοκούμε και την δευτέραν…Έρχεται ο Σωτήρ όχι για να δικασθεί πάλιν, αλλά για να δικάσει τους δικαστάς του· αυτός που προηγουμένως, όταν εκρίνετο, εσιωπούσε, λέγει ύστερα στους παρανόμους, υπενθυμίζοντας όσα ετόλμησαν κατα την σταύρωση: «Ταύτα εποίησας και εσίγησα». Τότε ήλθε για να εκπληρώσει την Θείαν Οικονομίαν, και εδίδασκε τους ανθρώπους με την πειθώ· τώρα όμως θα αναγκασθούν να τον αναγνωρίσουν ως Βασιλέα τους, έστω και χωρίς να το θέλουν…

 

«Όταν δε έλθη ο Υιός του ανθρώπου εν τη δόξη αυτού, και πάντες οι άγιοι άγγελοι μετ’ αυτού». Βλέπε, άνθρωπε, ενώπιον πόσων θα εμφανισθείς στο κριτήριο.Θα είναι τότε παρόν όλο το γένος των ανθρώπων. Αναλογίσου λοιπόν πόση είναι η φυλή των Ρωμαίων· αναλογίσου πόσοι είναι οι άλλοι, οι βάρβαροι οι οποίοι ζουν τώρα και πόσοι έχουν ταφεί τα τελευταία εκατόν χρόνια· πόσοι ετάφησαν μέσα σε χίλια χρόνια· αναλογίσου πόσοι είναι από τον Αδάμ μέχρι σήμερα. Μεγάλο πλήθος βέβαια, αλλά και πάλιν μικρόν είναι· διότι οι άγγελοι είναι περισσότεροι· εκείνοι είναι τα ενενήντα εννέα πρόβατα, η δε ανθρωπότης μόνο το ένα…

 

Παρευρίσκεται τότε στο κριτήριο ο Θεός και Πατήρ των απάντων, μαζί του θα κάθεται ο Ιησούς Χριστός, θα είναι δε παρόν και το Άγιον Πνεύμα· αγγελική σάλπιγγα θα προσκαλέσει όλους εμάς, οι οποίοι θα φορούμε ως ένδυμα τα έργα μας. Άραγε δεν οφείλουμε να αγωνιούμε από τώρα; Και μη νομίσεις, άνθρωπε, ότι είναι μικρή καταδίκη το να κατακριθείς ενώπιον τόσου πλήθους· μήπως δεν προτιμούμε πολλές φορές να πεθάνομε, παρά να κατηγορηθούμε από φίλους;

 

Ας έχομε την αγωνία, λοιπόν, αδελφοί, μη μας καταδικάσει ο Θεός, ο οποίος, αν πρόκειται να μας καταδικάσει, δεν έχει ανάγκη από εξέταση ή έλεγχο· μήν πείς ότι την νύκτα όταν επόρνευσα ή έκανα μαγείες ή έπραξα κάτι άλλο, και δεν υπήρχε άνθρωπος εκεί. Από την συνείδηση σου κρίνεσαι, «μεταξύ αλλήλων των λογισμών κατηγορούντων ή και απολογουμένων, εν ημέρα, ότε κρινεί ο Θεός τα κρυπτά των ανθρώπων». Σε αναγκάζει να πεις την αλήθεια το φοβερό πρόσωπο του Κριτού, ή μάλλον, και αν δεν την πείς, σε ελέγχει. Διότι θα αναστηθείς φορώντας τις αμαρτίες σου, ή τις αρετές σου· αυτό δήλωσε ο ίδιος ο Κριτής…

 

Τι λέγει λοιπόν ο κριτής για την ενδυμασία ή μή των έργων σου; « Και συνάξουσιν έμπροσθεν αυτού πάντα τα έθνη»· διότι πρέπει τα πάντα νά κλίνουν γόνυ ενώπιον του Χριστού, τα επουράνια και τα επίγεια και τα καταχθόνια. «Και αφορίσει αυτούς απ’ αλλήλων, ώσπερ ο ποιμήν αφορίζει τα πρόβατα από των ερίφων». Πως διαχωρίζει ο ποιμήν; Μήπως ερευνά κάποιο βιβλίο, να μάθει ποιο είναι πρόβατο και ποιό ερίφιον;Ή τα διακρίνει από την εμφάνιση; Δεν φανερώνει το μαλλί το πρόβατο, το δε σκληρό και τριχωτό το ερίφιο; Έτσι, άν μεν καθαριστείς τώρα από τις αμαρτίες σου, έχεις στο εξής τις πράξεις σου ως έριον καθαρό, και η στολή σου μένει αμόλυντη, και λέγεις πάντοτε το «εξεδυσάμην τον χιτώνα μου, πως ενδύσομαι αυτόν;». Από την ενδυμασία αναγνωρίζεσαι ότι είσαι πρόβατο…Μή γένοιτο όμως κάποιος από τους παρόντες να αποβληθεί από την χάρη, ούτε εξαιτίας των φαύλων πράξεων του να βρεθεί στα αριστερά τάγματα των αμαρτωλών.

 

Πως, θα πεί κάποιος, θα αποφύγομε το πυρ; Και πως θα εισέλθομε στην Βασιλεία; «Επείνασα», λέγει, «και εδώκατε μοι φαγείν»· ιδού τρόπος. Δεν χρειάζεται αλληγορία εδώ, αλλά να εκτελέσουμε τα λεγόμενα· «επείνασα και εδώκατε μοι φαγείν· εδίψησα, και εποτίσατέ με· ξένος ήμην και συνηγάγετέ με· γυμνός, και περιεβάλετε με· ησθένησα, και επεσκέψασθέ με· εν φυλακή ήμην, και ήλθετε πρός με». Εάν τα πράξεις αυτά, θα συμβασιλεύσεις· εάν όμως δεν τα πράξεις, θα κατακριθής. Άρχισε λοιπόν από τώρα να τα εργάζεσαι αυτά, και επίμενε στην πίστη, για να μην αποκλεισθείς έξω, αναβάλλοντας να αγοράσεις έλαιον σαν τις μωρές παρθένους· μη ξεθαρρευθείς επειδή απλώς κρατείς την λαμπάδα, αλλά διατήρησέ την αναμμένην. Ας λάμψει το φώς των καλών έργων σου ενώπιον των ανθρώπων, και μη βλασφημείται εξαιτίας σου ο Χριστός. Φόρεσε ένδυμα αφθαρσίας, διαπρέποντας στα καλά έργα…

 

Είθε ο Θεός των όλων να σας διαφυλάξει όλους, ώστε να διατηρείτε στη μνήμη σας τα σημεία της συντέλειας του κόσμου και να μείνετε ακατανίκητοι από τον Αντίχριστο. Έμαθες τα σημεία του πλάνου που πρόκειται να έλθει· έλαβες τις αποδείξεις του αληθινού Χριστού, του κατερχομένου φανερά από τους ουρανούς. Τον μεν ένα, τον ψεύτικο, απόφυγέ τον. Τον δε άλλον, τον αληθινό, προσδόκα τον. Έμαθες τον τρόπν, πως στην Κρίση θα καταταγείς στα δεξιά του. Τήρησε αυτά που σου εμπιστεύθηκε ως παρακαταθήκη ο Χριστός, διαπρέποντας σε έργα αγαθά, ώστε να παρουσιαστείς με παρρησίαν ενώπιον του Κριτού και να κληρονομήσεις τη Βασιλεία των Ουρανών.

 

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(πηγή: ΚΑΤΗΧΗΣΕΙΣ, Αγίου Κυρίλλου Ιεροσολύμων, Εκδ. «ΕΤΟΙΜΑΣΙΑ» Ι. Μ. Τιμίου Προδρόμου, Καρέας 1991, σ. 304 κ. εξ. Αποσπάσματα).

«Βιολογικός» άνθρωπος, «θεολογικός» άνθρωπος και πρόσωπο,σύμφωνα με τους Πατέρες της Εκκλησίας.

Υπάρχει μια σοβαρή παρανόηση από πολύ κόσμο στο θέμα της δημιουργίας του Αδάμ. Επειδή δεν γίνεται κατανοητή η θεολογική έννοια των λέξεων: «άνθρωπος» και «πρόσωπο», άλλοι εμμένουν σε παρερμηνείες της Γένεσης και άλλοι απορρίπτουν την ιστορία του Αδάμ ως παραμύθι (κυρίως οι άθεοι).  Έτσι, τον τελευταίο καιρό όλο και περισσότερες φωνές ακούγονται στην Εκκλησία, να ζητούν τη διευκρίνιση κάποιων πραγμάτων, που θα επιτρέψουν στους πιστούς να συμβιβάσουν την Ορθόδοξη πίστη, με τα πορίσματα της Επιστήμης.

               Ξεκινάμε, από τη σωστή έννοια του «εμφυσήματος», του Θεού στον Αδάμ. Η Γένεση δεν μιλάει ούτε για «ψυχή», ούτε για «ανάσα» απλή, ούτε για βιολογικό «ζωντάνεμα». Μιλάει για το Άγιο Πνεύμα που του δόθηκε και τον έκανε «ψυχή ζώσα» πνευματικά, ανεβάζοντάς τον από το «κατ’ εικόνα» στο «καθ’ ομοίωσιν». Λέγει ο Ιω. Χρυσόστομος: «Και εποίησεν ο Θεός τον άνθρωπον, χουν λαβών από της γης. και ίνα μη δείξη το Πνεύμα το άγιον αλλότριον της δημιουργίας, ενεφύσησεν εις το πρόσωπον αυτού πνοήν ζωής, και εγένετο ο άνθρωπος εις ψυχήν ζώσαν» (Λόγος εις την αρχήν της αγίας Τεσσαρακοστής, και εις εξορίαν του Αδάμ, και περί πονηρών γυναικών, PG 56. 530).  Τις ίδιες ακριβώς θέσεις εκφράζουν και οι άγιοι: Ειρηναίος Λουγδούνου, Μ. Βασίλειος, Κύριλλος Αλεξανδρείας, Αναστάσιος Σιναϊτης, Συμεών νέος Θεολόγος, Γρηγόριος Παλαμάς, Σεραφείμ του Σάρωφ, Νικόδημος αγιορείτης. Από την άλλη, δεν υπάρχει καμία αντίφαση της Αγίας Γραφής και της Επιστήμης, που μας μιλάει για παλαιοντολογικά ευρήματα πολιτισμών, πριν από την εποχή του Αδάμ. Εάν λοιπόν η Αγία Γραφή ΔΕΝ παρουσιάζει τον Αδάμ ως βιολογικό πατέρα της ανθρωπότητας, γιατί τον ονομάζουμε «πρωτόπλαστο»;

Το θέμα είναι ποια είναι η αρχή και η αιτία, δηλαδή αυτό που κάνει τον άνθρωπο ένα συγκεκριμένο ον, αν δεν είναι η ουσία του; Το θέμα συζητείται και σε μια από τις επιστολές του Μ. Βασιλείου σε διάλογο με τον Αμφιλόχιο. Σε μια απ’ αυτές τις επιστολές αναλύεται όλο αυτό το πρόβλημα και ο Μ. Βασίλειος συμφωνεί με την άποψη, ότι εφ’ όσον δεν υπάρχει ποτέ ουσία γυμνή ανθρώπινη ως αρχή του ανθρώπου, το πρωταρχικό οντολογικό κατηγόρημα του ανθρώπου δεν είναι η ουσία του. Αλλά πρέπει να είναι οπωσδήποτε ένα συγκεκριμένο ον και αυτό είναι ο Αδάμ. Δηλαδή, ενώ οι αρχαίοι Έλληνες έλεγαν ότι έλκουμε την καταγωγή μας, την ύπαρξή μας, ως επί μέρους όντα, από την κοινή φύση την ανθρώπινη, πρέπει ως Χριστιανοί να πούμε ότι έλκουμε την ύπαρξή μας ο καθένας από ένα πρόσωπο, τον Αδάμ. Η αιτία του «είναι» μας, δεν είναι η φύση μας, αλλά ένα πρόσωπο.

Έτσι εξηγείται, γιατί στη Γένεση ο Θεός λέει: «Ποιήσωμεν άνθρωπον (Εβραϊκά Αδάμ) κατ’ εικόνα και καθ’ ομοίωσιν…» (Γένεση 1/α΄ 26). Γιατί ο Θεός, δεν βλέπει την ανθρωπότητα ως μάζα, αλλά ως πρόσωπα. Και επειδή δεν υπάρχει «ουσία γυμνή» κατά τη Χριστιανική θεολογία, προ της δημιουργίας του ανθρώπου, συνόψισε την ανθρωπότητα στο πρόσωπο του Αδάμ, ως υπόσταση της ανθρώπινης φύσης.

Ο Αδάμ ως ο πρώτος «θεολογικός» άνθρωπος

Γιατί όμως τον Αδάμ και όχι κάποιον άλλον; Αυτό δεν σημαίνει, ότι ήταν ο πρώτος άνθρωπος; Θα μπορούσε να αναφερθεί πληθώρα πατερικών χωρίων, στα οποία φαίνεται ότι οι Πατέρες, όταν μιλούν για την κορωνίδα της δημιουργίας, το τελειότερο έργο του Θεού, το αποκαλούν άνθρωπο. Θα πρέπει όμως να σημειωθεί ότι, όταν τον αποκαλούν άνθρωπο, δεν το εννοούν με την βιολογική του απλώς υπόσταση, αλλά με την παρουσία και του Αγίου Πνεύματος μέσα του. Ο άγιος Ιωάννης ο Χρυσόστομος λέγει: «άνθρωπος γαρ εστίν, ουχ όστις απλώς χείρας και πόδας έχει ανθρώπου, ουδ’ όστις εστι λογικός μόνον, αλλ’ όστις ευσέβειαν και αρετήν μετά παρρησίας ασκεί» (PG 49. 232). Δεν φθάνει να γεννηθεί κάποιος βιολογικά, για να ονομασθεί άνθρωπος, αλλά πρέπει να έχει μέσα του και το Άγιο Πνεύμα. Και αυτό είναι σημαντικό, γιατί όποια σχέση υπάρχει μεταξύ ψυχής και σώματος, τέτοια σχέση υπάρχει μεταξύ της ψυχής και του Αγίου Πνεύματος. Έτσι, ζωντανός και πραγματικός άνθρωπος είναι εκείνος που «χαριτώνεται» από την Χάρη του Θεού. Διαφορετικά, είναι μεν άνθρωπος, αλλά είναι νεκρός για τον Θεό, και, κυριαρχούμενος από διάφορα πάθη, μοιάζει με τα ζώα.

Σύμφωνα λοιπόν με την Ορθόδοξη πίστη, εφ’ όσον άνθρωπος είναι μόνο όποιος λαμβάνει μέσα του το Άγιο Πνεύμα, και ο Αδάμ ήταν ο πρώτος που έλαβε το Άγιο Πνεύμα, ήταν Ο ΠΡΩΤΟΣ ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΣ. Γι’ αυτό και ο Θεός, θεώρησε τον Αδάμ ως την υπόσταση εκείνη που έγινε φορέας της ανθρώπινης φύσης και του έδωσε έτσι την πνευματική πατρότητα της ανθρωπότητας ολόκληρης. Με την έννοια αυτή, τον ονομάζουμε ΠΡΩΤΟΠΛΑΣΤΟ. Γιατί ήταν ο πρώτος, που πλάσθηκε (εκτός από κατ’ εικόνα), και καθ’ ομοίωσιν του Θεού.

Η έννοια του προσώπου

Εδώ εισέρχεται και η έννοια της σχέσης. Γιατί δίνοντάς του ο Θεός το Άγιο Πνεύμα, δημιούργησε μαζί του μια προσωπική σχέση. Και αυτό ήταν που έκανε τον Αδάμ «το πρώτο πρόσωπο» της ανθρώπινης φύσης και την υποστατική αιτία της. Παρά το ότι οι άγιοι Πατέρες ομιλούντες για τον Θεό τον ονομάζουν Πρόσωπο και ομιλούντες για τον άνθρωπο, τον αποκαλούν, κυρίως, άνθρωπο, εν τούτοις τον όρο πρόσωπο, σε μερικές περιπτώσεις, τον αποδίδουν και στον άνθρωπο. Και, βέβαια, αυτό γίνεται με συγκατάβαση, γιατί γνωρίζουν, ότι υπάρχει τεράστια διαφορά μεταξύ Θεού και ανθρώπου, μεταξύ δημιουργού και δημιουργήματος. Ο Θεός είναι άκτιστος, ενώ ο άνθρωπος είναι κτιστός….

…Σε άλλη περίπτωση, ο άγιος Ιωάννης ο Δαμασκηνός αποδίδει στον άνθρωπο τους όρους υπόσταση και πρόσωπο. Γράφει: «Επειδή δε πολλοί εισιν οι άνθρωποι, ο καθένας άνθρωπος υπόστασις εστίν, οίον Αδάμ υπόστασίς εστι, και η Εύα άλλη υπόστασις, και ο Σηθ ετέρα υπόστασις. Ομοίως και επί των λοιπών. Έκαστος άνθρωπος υπόστασις ετέρα παρά τους λοιπούς ανθρώπους εστί, και έκαστος βους υπόστασίς εστι, και έκαστος άγγελος υπόστασίς εστίν. Ώστε φύσις και μορφή και ουσία εστί το κοινόν και περιέχον τας ομοουσίους υποστάσεις, υπόστασις δε και άτομον και πρόσωπον το μερικόν ήγουν έκαστος των υπό το αυτό είδος περιεχομένων» Από αυτό το χωρίο φαίνεται ότι και ο άνθρωπος είναι υπόσταση, και, επειδή η υπόσταση ταυτίζεται με το πρόσωπο, γι’ αυτό και ο όρος πρόσωπο αποδίδεται και στον άνθρωπο.

Μια τέτοια συσχέτιση μεταξύ του ανθρώπου και του προσώπου μπορούμε να δούμε αμυδρώς και σε μερικά χωρία της Αγίας Γραφής. Ο Απόστολος Παύλος, μιλώντας για την ένωση και την κοινωνία του ανθρώπου με τον Θεό, χρησιμοποιεί την έκφραση «πρόσωπον προς πρόσωπον». Λέγει: «βλέπομεν γαρ άρτι δι’ εσόπτρου εν αινίγματι, τότε δε πρόσωπον προς πρόσωπον» (Α΄ Κορινθίους 13/ιγ΄ 12). Αν σκεφθούμε ότι το χωρίο αυτό αναφέρεται στην νοερά προσευχή, δηλαδή στον φωτισμό του νου («δι’ εσόπτρου εν αινίγματι») και την θεώση, δηλαδή την θεωρία του Θεού («πρόσωπον προς πρόσωπον»), τότε μπορούμε να καταλάβουμε ότι ο άνθρωπος μπορεί να χαρακτηρισθεί πρόσωπο, όταν ενωθεί με τον Θεό δια της θεώσεως και στην κατάσταση της θεώσεως. Αυτός, άλλωστε, είναι και ο πραγματικός άνθρωπος. Επίσης, ο ίδιος ο Απόστολος αναφερόμενος σε μια μεγάλη θλίψη στην Ασία και στην απαλλαγή του με τη βοήθεια του Θεού και τις προσευχές των Χριστιανών, λέγει: «ος εκ τηλικούτου θανάτου ερρύσατο ημάς και ρύεται, εις ον ηλπίκαμεν ότι και έτι ρύσεται, συνυπουργούντων και υμών υπέρ ημών τη δεήσει, ίνα εκ πολλών προσώπων εις το εις ημάς χάρισμα δια πολλών ευχαριστηθή υπέρ ημών» (Β΄ Κορ. 1/α΄ 10,11).

Σήμερα, χρησιμοποιείται κατά κόρον ο όρος πρόσωπο και «προσωπικότης», για τον άνθρωπο… στην ορθόδοξη, όμως, διδασκαλία η οντολογία του ανθρώπου, βρίσκεται στο Αρχέτυπό του, στον Θεό που τον δημιούργησε, αφού ο άνθρωπος είναι κατ’ εικόνα Θεού πλασμένος. Έτσι «η βιολογική ύπαρξη δεν εξαντλεί τον άνθρωπο. Ο άνθρωπος κατανοείται οντολογικά από τους Πατέρες μόνο ως ον θεολογικό. Η οντολογία του είναι εικονική» (Παν. Νέλλα: Ζώον θεούμενον, εκδ. Εποπτεία, Αθήνα 1979, σελ. 33, 34).

Μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε τον όρο πρόσωπο και για τον άνθρωπο με μεγάλη προσοχή και αφού κάνουμε μερικές διευκρινίσεις. Μια από αυτές είναι ότι, όπως τον όρο άνθρωπο, κατά τους Πατέρες δεν μπορούμε να τον αποδώσουμε μόνον σε όλους εκείνους που ζουν, αλλά κυρίως σε όσους μετέχουν της καθαρτικής, φωτιστικής και θεοποιού ενεργείας του Θεού, έτσι και τον όρο πρόσωπο, μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιούμε γι’ αυτούς που πορεύονται προς την κατά Χάριν θέωση και είναι θεούμενοι. Όπως το «κατ’ εικόνα» είναι δυνάμει ομοίωσις και η ομοίωσις ενεργεία «εικόνα», έτσι και ο άνθρωπος με την βιολογική του ύπαρξη είναι δυνάμει άνθρωπος και πρόσωπο. Θα γίνει πραγματικά άνθρωπος, όταν μεθέξει της ακτίστου ενεργείας του Θεού. Εφόσον ο Θεός είναι Πρόσωπο σημαίνει, πως ο άνθρωπος γίνεται πρόσωπο, όταν ενωθεί με τον Θεό.

Σύμφωνα λοιπόν με τα παραπάνω, ο Αδάμ δεν είναι ένας απλός συμβολισμός, όπως θέλουν πολλοί να τον θεωρούν, αλλά ένα πραγματικό ΠΡΟΣΩΠΟ, το πρώτο ανθρώπινο πρόσωπο, και ο πρώτος άνθρωπος, με τη θεολογική έννοια των όρων αυτών. Είναι αυτός στον οποίον ο Θεός έδωσε για πρώτη φορά το Άγιο Πνεύμα Του, και δημιούργησε μαζί του ΠΡΟΣΩΠΙΚΗ ΣΧΕΣΗ. Έτσι, ο Αδάμ καθίσταται ο πρώτος που έγινε ΑΛΗΘΙΝΟΣ ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΠΡΟΣΩΠΟ, και όχι «δυνάμει» που είναι κάθε άλλος που πλάσθηκε «κατ’ εικόνα του Θεού». Με την ιδιότητα αυτή, ο Αδάμ καθίσταται επίσης ΠΡΩΤΟΠΛΑΣΤΟΣ, και όχι με τη βιολογική έννοια, που νομίζουν πολλοί.

Δεν έχουμε λοιπόν καμία αντίφαση μεταξύ Αγίας Γραφής και Επιστήμης. Ούτε θεολογική ή ανθρωπολογική αντίφαση με τα πορίσματα της Παλαιοντολογίας, που αποδεικνύει, ότι υπήρχαν «δυνάμει» άνθρωποι πριν ακόμα από τον Αδάμ.

            Σύμφωνα λοιπόν με τα ανωτέρω εκτεθέντα, η διήγηση της Γένεσης απλοποιείται και γένεται σύμφωνη με τα ευρήματα της Παλαιοντολογίας, Βιολογίας και Ανθρωπολογίας. Έτσι: την 6^η ημέρα της Δημιουργίας, ο Θεός εκφράζει την επιθυμία της κατασκευής ανθρώπου, κατ’ εικόνα του και ομοίωσή του. Δημιουργεί λοιπόν άνθρωπο, μόνο κατ’ εικόνα, (όχι τον Αδάμ), άνδρα και γυναίκα, τους ευλογεί και τους προτρέπει να κάνουν πολλά παιδιά. Έτσι, η 1^η αυτή κατασκευή δημιουργεί τον «βιολογικό» άνθρωπο. Την 7^η ημέρα, ημέρα κατάπαυσης του Θεού από τη Δημιουργία, πλάθει από τον «βιολογικό» άνθρωπο, τον «θεολογικό» άνθρωπο, τον Αδάμ, τον πρώτο άνθρωπο που γίνεται «καθ’ ομοίωσιν», τον τοποθετεί στον Παράδεισο, δεν τον ευλογεί, γιατί είναι ήδη ευλογημένος (αφού ομοιάζει με το Θεό) και δεν τον προτρέπει να κάνει πολλά παιδιά με τη σύντροφό του Εύα, γιατί στον Παράδεισο, «ούτε γαμούσιν, ούτε εκγαμίζονται». Την 6^η ημέρα λοιπόν δημιουργείται ο «βιολογικός» άνθρωπος (χωρίς πρόσωπο), κατ’ εικόνα Θεού και την 7^η ημέρα, ο «βιολογικός» άνθρωπος μεταβάλλεται σε «θεολογικό» άνθρωπο, καθ’ ομοίωση του Θεού και τότε αποκτά πρόσωπο

Ι. ΚΑΡΔΑΣΗΣ