With regard to the divine Eucharist, it should first of all be explained
that for us Slavs it is the Liturgy. In Greek the word “liturgy” has
several meanings: service, function, work. That is, for the Greeks the
word “liturgy” refers not only to the divine service, but also to an
executive function or activity, such as that of a governmental organism.
The word is not used within a narrowly defined sphere, such as that of
the church services, but within any sphere of activity. Therefore, when
referring to the Church’s mystagogical service, the Greeks use the
phrase “Holy Eucharist,” which means what we call the Liturgy. The use
of the term “Eucharist” distinguishes this divine service. Therefore,
regardless of the fact that our people are accustomed to the word
“liturgy,” in terms of significance and meaning Eucharist and Liturgy
are synonymous.
Eucharist comes from the word “thanksgiving” and reflects the first main
element of the canon of the Liturgy, that is, the Anaphora, which
begins with thanksgiving to God. The Lord Jesus Christ is the first
genuine thanksgiving to God, inasmuch as He, in the name of all creation
and of man, as the crown of the creation of the world, thanked God the
Father. Such thanksgiving was also expected from the first-created man,
Adam. If he had fulfilled the law of thanksgiving, he would never have
sinned. Thine own of Thine own, we offer unto Thee, on behalf of all and for all.
We read this in the prayer of the Eucharistic canon, as a sign of
thanksgiving for what the Lord has done, is doing, and will do for us.
The Holy Liturgy is, above all, a mystery. However, it is not a
mystery in the sense of being secret or mysterious. It is a great and
salvation-bearing event. It is a mystical and profound event that is not
exhausted by its visible phenomenology. At the same time, it should be
noted that this phenomenology is not a ceremony. Today many think that
this Divine Mystery can simply be played like a theatrical performance.
Notwithstanding, this event is mystical, possessing inscrutable and
unfathomable depths. Therefore, it is best to say that the Eucharist is a
mysteriological event that is salvific and that applies and realizes
the work of our Lord Jesus Christ to us.
The Holy Liturgy is, in the words of St. Irenaeus, the “pragmatia
of Christ,” in the sense of being a creation or production, as well as
its result and carrying out; that is, it is an activity that is both the
work of God and simultaneously the fulfillment of the work God desired
to perform for us. Uniting human nature to Himself, He is the Gift that
we offer at the Liturgy. Therefore, the Lord is both the Lamb and the
eternal Hierarch or High Priest, both offering Himself and accepting
this sacrifice with the Father. This is the only miracle; this is the
mystery of Christ, as the Apostle Paul calls it. This mystery is
concentrated, manifested, and realized in the Holy Eucharist. This is
shown best of all by the Apostle Paul in the tenth chapter of his
epistle to the Corinthian Church: The cup of blessing which we bless,
is it not the communion of the blood of Christ? The bread which we
break, is it not the communion of the body of Christ? For we being many
are one bread, and one body: for we are all partakers of that one bread (1 Corinthians 10:16-17). This is realism, authentic Orthodox realism; this is the pragmatic teaching of St. Ignatius.
For a clear and correct understanding of the meaning and significance
of the Liturgy, it is necessary first to highlight a few important
points. Symbolism in Orthodoxy has been a very topical phenomenon
throughout its centuries-long history. Therefore, a symbolic
understanding and interpretation of the Liturgy has been widespread.
However, the symbolic principles used in the interpretation of the
divine services have not always remained within acceptable boundaries.
Symbolism has quite often contributed to the loss of the true meaning of
the divine services.
The various names, descriptions, and interpretations of the Liturgy –
such as symbol, icon, and sacred rite – are only auxiliary means, just
like those that exist for articulating other Holy Mysteries. In
particular, it is well known that the Church is perceived and understood
as a body. However, the Church is not just a body, but something more
than a body; it is the unity of believers in which Christ is the heart
and the head, with the Holy Spirit as its soul (inasmuch as He is the
animating principle, action, and Giver of Life). Likewise, the Liturgy
is not just a symbol or icon, but something much deeper and loftier than
merely a symbol. All this symbolism exists only in order to express and
describe individual elements of church life, the meaning and
significance of which can never be fully defined. The application of any
definition, word, or sign is restricting, inasmuch as the Liturgy is
not subject to any limitation; that is, its meaning and understanding
cannot be expressed by a symbol or definition. In the text of the
Eucharistic prayers we read: “filling all things and inexpressible.”
That is, not only can the Eucharist not be described, it cannot even be
uttered, for it is unlimited, unattainable, and boundless. And this is
precisely how it is represented to us as a Holy Mystery.
The Liturgy, moreover, is not just one of a number of the Church’s
Mysteries. Baptism is one of the most important Mysteries; it is the
Mystery of existence by which, in the words of Nicholas Cabasilas, we
become of Christ; or, to put it better, after Baptism we already belong
to Christ. In the Mystery of Unction we acquire the life-giving gifts of
the Holy Spirit. However, the spiritual food that we eat, the
Eucharist, is a synthesis of all the other Holy Mysteries.
This is precisely the same attitude that should exist towards the
Church’s other sacred rites. For example, the funeral service should be
performed with the Liturgy; that is, it should “see off” the reposed
person. Not as it is done in contemporary practice: first the Liturgy,
and then the funeral. We should see off the reposed to the Heavenly
Kingdom with the Liturgy, for in the prayers we express the wish that
they be with God. If the Holy Eucharist is a reflection of the Heavenly
Kingdom, the point at which eternal life begins, then the funeral rite
should stand in close relation to the Liturgy. Following from this, it
should be said that the Eucharist is the shared and uniting reality for
the entire Church.
When the Liturgy is called an icon, this indicates that it is not yet
the fullness of the Heavenly Kingdom, as the presence of a complete
reality. It becomes analogous to an icon, that is, to an icon leading us
to the Heavenly Kingdom. Therefore the Eucharist, as icon, has an
analogical-mysteriological character.
During the period of iconoclasm, this term was highly abused. For the
iconoclasts, the only authentic icon of Christ was His Body (the
Eucharist). The Holy Fathers did not accept such an understanding of the
icon. Therefore, in the acts of the Seventh Ecumenical Council we find
this precise formulation: “None of the Holy Apostles or Holy Fathers has
ever called the Bloodless Sacrifice, made in remembrance of the
suffering of Christ and of His whole Economy, an icon of His body.” [1]
Christ Himself did not say: “Take, this is an icon of My Body”;
rather, He said: “Take, this is My Body and this is My Blood.”
Therefore, in contrast to the iconoclastic conception of the meaning of
the Liturgy as icon, in Orthodoxy it has the opposite meaning. By no
means does it lose the iconicity and analogicity that lead us to
fullness. The Greek word “typos” is very similar to icon: it is a
model or imprint. Therefore, in the Eucharistic prayers we ask that we
would more genuinely and fully commune with Him in the Heavenly Kingdom.
This is the truth, reality, and fullness to which we aspire, as the
Apostle Paul says: For now we see through a glass, darkly [1 Corinthians 13:12].
However, this does not discount the real existence of that which we
receive in the Mystery of the Holy Eucharist, but simply lifts us to a
higher fullness. It is only in this sense that the Liturgy can be said
to be an icon.
A similar situation took place with the term “consubstantial.” It had
one meaning in the teachings of Paul of Samosata, and another in the
decrees of the Council of Nicaea, that is, in the Nicene Creed. It is
within this context that one can examine the understanding of the word
“symbol.” In Christianity it has a much more profound meaning than in
the Old Testament or in the philosophy of Plato. The word itself derives
from a Greek verb that indicates the co-presence of one thing in
another. Such an understanding of symbols is expressed very clearly in
the works of Dionysius the Areopagite. It is this mystical, analogical,
and mysteriological meaning and interpretation of symbolism that is
acceptable for the Orthodox.
The Church, as the Body of Christ, is present in the Holy Eucharist.
The body is present in its members, as St. Nilus Cabasilas puts it
beautifully: “The entire vine is fed from the roots.” Therefore, in the
Mystery of Communion we receive the Body of Christ, which gathers and
unites everyone who receives Communion. We are seeking to draw salvation
from this life-giving Source. It is not we who turn Him into our body,
but He Who turns us into His Body. When we receive the Divine Gifts, the
Lord includes us into the Body of Christ; it is not we who include Him
as an integral part of our bodies.
In speaking of the Mystery of the Eucharist, I would also like to
draw attention to a few questions of contemporary liturgical practice.
Many even today, after Christianity’s two thousand years of existence,
still do not have a clear understanding of Communion. For the reception
of the Eucharist it is very important to prepare worthily. Given the
importance of the Liturgy, one must worthily prepare oneself by fasting,
prayer, and ascetic struggle. But a much deeper meaning lies in the
fact that Communion is not simply the reception of the Sacred into
oneself: it is an event thanks to which one is included into the unity
of the Body of Christ.
The expression of St. Athanasius that “the Eucharist is the medicine
of immortality” means that in the Liturgy we belong to the single Body
of Christ and that among us death is no more. He therefore said:
“Whoever does not participate in the Eucharist, and whoever is not in
prayerful communion with the bishop, does not belong to the Church.”
According to the canons of the Orthodox Church, whoever does not
receive Communion for two or three weeks is subject to penance and
ecclesiastical discipline. Unfortunately, many today do not understand
this. The meaning of the Liturgy has acquired a sense widespread in the
Roman Catholic Church. Therefore, one very often hears questions such
as: How many times should one receive Communion? How many days does one
need to fast? How does one need to prepare? It is as if the importance
lay in quantity.
Of course, this does not mean that one does not need to prepare
worthily for the Liturgy. As I have already remarked, this profound
mystery, which opens to us the doors of the Heavenly Kingdom, requires
conscientious and worthy preparation. But who is worthy? Who can in fact
say that he worthily dares to approach the Savior’s Body and Blood?
Therefore, in the prayers before Holy Communion we read: “grant me to
receive communion of Thy holy things without condemnation… neither to my
judgment, nor to my condemnation.” How can a priest say that he is
worthy and that we are unworthy? A priest, as a bearer of the mystery of
the priesthood, undoubtedly has the grace and energy of God given by
the Holy Spirit for the performance of sacred actions; but this does not
prevent him from sinning, inasmuch as he has also been given the free
will – that is, freedom of reason – that grants him the ability to
choose between right and wrong actions.
Gregory the Theologian said that he offers himself, too, as a
sacrifice. He who liturgizes is the sacrifice that is being offered and
its result; that is, he thereby consecrates himself as well. He is fully
included in this event, and through him God the Holy Spirit acts in
man. From this it becomes clear that the division between laity and
clergy in the Mystery of the Eucharist is incorrect.
This division contributed most of all to the emergence of the tall
iconostas. This simply obscured and hid everything that should be
offered “on behalf of all and for all.” The people in church hear only
the exclamations and the ends of the prayers. Everyone taking part in
the Liturgy should pray completely. That is why in the prayers we find:
“O Lord, we pray Thee for our sins and our ignorance.”
The Holy Eucharist is wholeness, catholicity, and universality.
Khomiakov said: “Whoever knows the Liturgy knows what the Church is.” It
is not simply one of the Mysteries or one step towards the Heavenly
Kingdom; it is a conciliar act, at the head of which are the bishops,
which has been passed down over many centuries of history and been
preserved in our own day. The appearance of parishes at the end of the
third century was accompanied by the establishment of very close ties
with episcopal administration. The bishop, standing at the head of the
parish or community and performing the Liturgy, played and continues to
play an important role. If a priest were to serve the Liturgy without
commemorating the bishop, then regardless of whether all appearances
were carried out and all the prayers pronounced, it would not be the
Liturgy. The Holy Eucharist includes ecclesiological dimensions, and
therefore only the Church has the right to celebrate the Holy Eucharist.
One of the most important names of the Liturgy, one that allows for a
correct understanding of its meaning as a life-giving Mystery, is
participation. Christ is present by the Holy Spirit; and the very
action, participation, and pragmatia is the Eucharist. All
creation participates therein. The Eucharist is expressed primarily as
an act in which the whole people of God participate. Christ is a member
of this people: as deacon, priest, and bishop; as foundation and head of
the Church; and as leader of our salvation. Therefore, the
Christological mystery of the Church is identified with the mystery of
the Liturgy; the Liturgy is the identity of the Church.
A Russian bishop, who had travelled to the West for the first time
after the fall of Communism, was asked the following question by western
Christians (Protestants and Roman Catholics): “What is the Russian
Orthodox Church doing to address social issues?” The bishop humbly
replied: “We serve the Holy Liturgy.” Surprised by this answer, they did
not understand the bishop. They did not understand for one simple
reason: they do not understand the Church and do not know what it means
to serve the Divine Liturgy. This was the best possible answer, inasmuch
as the Liturgy is the entrance to the Heavenly Kingdom, the entrance to
the eternal reality that has no need whatsoever for social services.
The Heavenly Kingdom will be like an eternal meal consisting not only of
thanksgiving to God, but also of the active deeds of all: of praxis,
movement, and participation.
The Liturgy is a holistic act of both laypeople and clergy. It raises
us to the Heavenly Kingdom; Christ, the Incarnate God, Who will be
present with us until the end of the ages, is present therein. Without
this, we would just be an abstraction. God’s speech works through the
Mysteries. Therefore the Mysteries include the world in us, and the
representatives of the world are bread and wine. St. Irenaeus said:
“Therefore our faith is in agreement with the Eucharist, for the Holy
Eucharist confirms everything that we believe.”
The fact that today choirs exclude the possibility for laypeople to
participate actively in the divine services is also bad. That which is
basic and, in fact, already belongs to them, should be returned to the
people: “Amen,” “Lord, have mercy,” “To Thee, O Lord,” “And with thy
spirit.” In ancient liturgical texts we have instructions for what was
to be executed by the people, the choir, and the readers. The Lord
Himself expects us to participate actively in the Eucharist.
By way of conclusion, the divinely-wise words of Sts. John of
Damascus and Theodore the Studite can be cited: “The Holy Liturgy is the
repetition of the total human economy of salvation.” This is expressed
best of all at the end of the Liturgy of St. Basil the Great: “The
Mystery of Thy dispensation, O Christ our God, hath been accomplished
and perfected as far as it is within our power.”
Translator’s note:
[1] These words were spoken by Epiphanius, deacon and legate of
Archbishop Thomas of Sardinia, at the Council’s sixth session. This
passage was rendered by the Rev. John Mendham in his 1850 translation
of the full acts of the Council as follows: “For none of those trumpets
of the Spirit, the holy Apostles – none of our venerable Fathers ever
styled the unbloody sacrifice made in remembrance of the passion of our
God, and of His whole dispensation, ‘the image of His body’; for they
have not received of the Lord to speak or confess in this manner” (p.
355).
The Revd. Mendham adds this passage from the Rev. Henry Stebbing’s 1834 History of the Christian Church
in a footnote: “on arriving at that article in the definition which
stated that no other image of Christ was to be acknowledged but that
which He had left of Himself in the eucharist, the whole assembly
expressed its horror in murmurs of execration; and the doctrine of the
real presence being proclaimed it was triumphantly asked, ‘How there
should be an image of Christ in that which was Christ Himself?’” (Ibid., 344-345).
Translated from the Russian.
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