Archimandrite Zacharias, Ph. D., is a disciple of Elder Sophrony (of blessed memory), who was a disciple of St. Silouan of Mount Athos. Presently, Fr. Zacharias is a monk in the Monastery founded by Elder Sophrony: The Patriarchal Stavropegic Monastery of St. John the Baptist, Tolleshunt Knights by Maldon, Essex, England.
Fr. Zacharias was born and raised in Cyprus in an Orthodox Christian family. His mother became a nun toward the end of her life. As a young man, Fr. Zacharias left Cyprus to study Chemistry in London. Before he completed his studies, he became acquainted with Father Sophrony and his Monastery. Fr. Zacharias abandoned his studies in Chemistry and preferred instead to answer God’s calling and follow the monastic way of life in the Orthodox Church.
Elder Sophrony sent Fr. Zacharias to study at the Theological Institute of St. Serge in Paris where he spent five years, and then moved to Thessalonica for a further fourteen months, in order to obtain a second degree in Theology. Fr. Zacharias is fluent in Greek, Russian, French and English, and has translated Father Sophrony’s books from Russian into Greek. Elder Sophrony gave Father Zacharias the blessing to write a doctoral dissertation under Professor George Mantzarides (who is a leading authority in Christian ethics in the Orthodox world) entitled Christ, Our Way and Our Life, published by St. Tikhon’s Seminary Press. He is also the author of The Enlargement of the Heart, and The Hidden Man of the Heart (1 Peter 3:4): The Cultivation of the Heart in Orthodox Christian Anthropology, both of which have been enthusiastically received throughout the English-speaking world, and beyond. Fr. Zacharias has lectured in various places around the world on the theology of St. Silouan the Athonite and Elder Sophrony. He has lectured at St. John of Damascus Institute of Theology at the University of Balamand in Tripoly, Lebanon, as well as at Cambridge in England, in Finland, Greece, Romania, and Bulgaria. Fr. Zacharias was the inaugural guest speaker of the first lecture series devoted to St. Silouan and Elder Sophrony in the English-speaking world at St. Tikhon’s Monastery in September 1997. Fr. Zacharias also spoke to the clergy in private session and has led retreats in the Antiochian Archdiocese under Bishop Basil of Wichita in 2001 and 2007. He was also invited by the Athonite Monastery of Vatopedi to be the keynote speaker at the first International Conference held in Athens in October of 2007 devoted exclusively to the life and work of Elder Sophrony of Essex.
Wednesday, 5 June 2013
Elder Joseph the Hesychast-On discovering the will of God
Elder Joseph the Hesychast
Our life with the Elder had the character
of childhood rather than a mature state. Our effort, in basic terms,
was directed towards the monastic tradition, and we exerted ourselves as
forcibly as possible in the obligations of our rule. What we lacked,
essentially, was the discernment of an experience in discrimination so
as to evaluate the situation, so that the spiritual scope of the Elder
did not elude us in its depth and breadth and height. But is it perhaps
usual and inevitable for disciples to discover their teacher ‘when he is
taken from them’? (cf. Lk 24:31). Untiringly, the Elder made a constant
effort to pass on to us everything that is spiritual and he did not
fail in his aim, because ‘the wise man has his eyes in his head’ (Eccl.
2:14). It is true, however, that ‘for everything there is a season, and a
time for every matter’ (Eccl. 3:1).
At a mature age, when the Elder was no
longer with us, we understood the depth of his words and his actions
even down to the details, whereas while he lived they seemed, to our
inexperience, riddles that made no sense. We put all our meagre powers
into our effort to be obedient and not to grieve the Elder. But we had
virtually no comprehension of the meaning and main aim of the spiritual
law which the Elder passed on to us with such fervour. I will not go
into biographical details again, but I want to comment a little on the
aforementioned subject of the spiritual law, which is what chiefly
governs human beings.
We observed that the Elder never embarked
on anything without first praying. We would ask him about something in
the future or for the next day, and his reply was that he would tell us
tomorrow. The object was so that he could pray first.
Our desire focused on knowledge of the
divine will: how should one recognise the divine will? He would say,
‘Are you asking about this, boys, when it is the most basic thing?’ We
would encourage him with increased curiosity, ‘But, Elder, isn’t God’s
will known in general terms through the Scriptures and the whole of
divine revelation? Since everything in our life is regulated – what
other question should we monks have?’ And the Elder replied, ‘May God
give you “understanding in everything” (2 Tim. 2:7). St Nilus the
Calabrian prayed that he might be granted “to think and speak according
to the divine will.”
In general terms, to do good and every
other commandment is the will of God, but the detail which governs it is
unknown. “For who has known the mind of the Lord?” (Rom. 11:34); and
again, “the judgements of the Lord are a great abyss” (Ps. 36:6). The
divine will is not differentiated only by time, but also by place,
persons, and things, as also by quantity, manner and circumstance. And
is that all? Man himself, when he changes his disposition, also changes
the divine decision in many ways. So it is not enough to know the
general expression of the divine will; one needs to know the specific
verdict on the subject of concern, whether yes or no, and only thus is
success assured. The chief aim of the divine will is the expression and
manifestation of divine love, because the driving force of all our
actions is precisely the fullness of His love. If “whether we live or
whether we die, we are the Lord’s” (Rom. 14:8), as St Paul says, then,
however much the will we are seeking seems to be personal to us or to
someone close to us, its centre of gravity is the Divine Person, for
whose sake “we live and move and have our being” (cf. Acts 17:28). Have
you forgotten the Lord’s prayer in the garden of Gethsemane, “if it be
possible let it pass from me, nevertheless, not as I will, but as Thou
wilt!” (Mt 26:39)? Any expression of obedience towards the venerable
divine will that does not have love for Him as its basis risks remaining
a human action – or, to put it better, a human failing. If, as St Paul
says, we have to “subordinate every thought to obedience to Christ” (2
Cor. 10:5) because “we are not our own” (1 Cor. 6:19), how is this to be
implemented in the conscience of the person who gives his obedience if
he does not know precisely what the divine will is for this
circumstance? Besides, the ensuing divine blessing and grace, towards
which we hasten, is revealed only in perfect obedience.
‘So when you want to find out the will of
God, abandon your own will completely together with every other thought
or plan, and with great humility ask for this knowledge in prayer. And
whatever takes shape or carries weight in your heart, do it, and it will
be according to God’s will. Those who have greater boldness and
practice in praying for this will hear a clearer assurance within them,
and will become more careful in their lives not to do anything without
divine assurance.
‘There is also another way of discovering
the will of God which the Church uses generally, and that is advice
through spiritual fathers or confessors. The great blessing of obedience
which beneficently overshadows those who esteem it becomes for them
knowledge where they are ignorant and protection and strength to carry
out the advice or commandment, because God is revealed to those who are
obedient in His character as a father. The perfection of obedience, as
the consummate virtue, puts its followers on a level with the Son of
God, who became “obedient… unto a cross” (Phil. 2:8). And as our Jesus
was given all power (Mt 28:18) and all the good pleasure of the Father,
so the obedient are given assurance of the divine will and the grace to
carry it out successfully and to the full.
‘Those who ask spiritual people in order
to discover the divine will should be aware of this point: the will of
God is not revealed magically, nor does it hold a position of
relativity, since it is not contained within the narrow confines of
human reason. In His consummate goodness God condescends to human
weakness and gives man sure knowledge. But man must firstly believe
absolutely, and secondly humble himself by thirsting ardently for this
assurance and being disposed to carry it out. This is why he receives
with faith and gratitude the first word of the spiritual father who is
advising him. When, however, these requirements of faith, obedience and
humility do not coexist – and it is a sign of this when someone objects
or counters with other questions, or worst of all has a mind to keep
asking for second opinions – then the will of God is hidden, like the
sun behind a passing cloud. This is a delicate matter, and requires
great care. Abba Mark says, “A man gives advice to his neighbour
according to what he knows; but God works in the hearer according to his
faith.” An essential requirement in seeking the divine will is that the
person who is asking should make himself receptive to this revelation,
because, as I have said before, the divine will with its transcendent
character is not magically contained within positions or places or
instruments, but is revealed only to those who are worthy of this divine
condescension.’
I can also recall now what happened with
us, when we asked the Elder to tell us the will of God. We had got into
the habit from previous experience and received as absolute his first
word, without contradiction; and indeed everything happened just as we
would have wished, even in cases where the thing did not seem to make
good sense humanly speaking. We knew that if we put forward some sort of
objection on pretexts that were reasonable according to our own
judgement, the Elder would give way to us, saying, ‘Do as you think
best’; but the mysterious power and protection of success would be lost
to us. Therefore it was the ‘first word’ from the spiritual father,
received with faith and obedience, that expressed the divine will. In
its general form this subject is complex and obscure because, as we
know, the divine will is not always known even to the perfect,
particularly when someone wants to discover it within a limited
time-frame. At other times a difficulty also arises from the state of
the person who is interested, depending on how far he is free from
impassioned tendencies and appetites under the influence of which he
acts and makes decisions, in which case patience is also required.
I myself have heard from a spiritual man,
someone altogether reliable, that he besought God to reveal His will on
a question in his own personal life and received the answer he had
asked for forty-two years later! I in my slothfulness was quite alarmed,
wondering at his cast iron patience.
The
general conclusion is that discernment of the divine will is one of the
most delicate and complex matters in our lives. Especially for those
who try to discover it through prayer – even though this is required,
according to the saying ‘knock, seek, ask and it will be given you’ (Mt
7:7) – it must is nevertheless be preceded by patient endurance, trials
and tribulations and experience so as to remove the passions and the
individual will, which the exceeding subtlety and sensitivity of divine
grace abhors. Anyway, whether it is arduous or whether it requires
patient endurance, the method of prayer remains a requirement as the
only means whereby we communicate with God, and by which we shall also
know His divine will.
Taken From the book, Elder Joseph the Hesychast (+1959) Struggles, Experiences, Teachings.
Ἅγιος Δημήτριος Ροστοβίας- ̔Ο πόλεμος τῶν λογισμῶν
̔Αγίου Δημητρίου, Μητροπολίτου Ροστοβίας καὶ Γιαροσλαβίας
ΑΠΟ τοὺς πονηροὺς λογισμούς, οἱ ὁποῖοι πολεμοῦν τὸν ἄνθρωπο, τρεῖς εἶναι οἱ πλέον σκληροί: τῆς ἀπιστίας,τῆς βλασφημίας καὶ τῆς πορνείας.
1.
Γιὰ νὰ κοπάση αὐτὸς ὁ πόλεμος τῶν πονηρῶν λογισμῶν,πρέπει πρῶτα νὰ γνωρίζης πότε ἁμαρτάνεις καὶ πότε ὄχι.
Ψ
Δὲν ἁμαρτάνεις, ὅταν ὁ νοῦς,ἡ βούλησις, δὲν συγκατατίθεται στοὺς λογισμούς, πολὺ περισσότερο ὅταν τοὺς ἀποστρέφεται ἢ τοὺς περιφρονῆ.
Ψ
̔Αμαρτάνεις, κάποτε καὶ θανάσιμα, ὅταν ὁ νοῦς αὐτοπροαίρετα συγκρατῆ τοὺς λογισμοὺς καὶ ἡ καρδιὰ ἡδύνεται καὶ εὐχαριστῆται μὲ αὐτούς.
Ψ
Οποιος πολεμεῖται ἀπὸ πονηροὺς λογισμοὺς καὶ δὲν τοὺς ἀπο-δέχεται, ταράσσεται ὅμως, νομίζοντας ὅτι ἁμάρτησε, αὐτὸς εἶναι μικρόψυχος, ἐμπαίζεται ἀπὸ τὸν διάβολο καὶ δὲν γνωρίζει νὰ διακρίνη μεταξὺ προσβολῆς καὶ συγκαταθέσεως.
2.
Μὴν παραξενεύεσαι ποὺ οἱ ἴδιοι λογισμοὶ φέρνουν μαζί τους καὶ θάνατο καὶ ζωή, αἰώνιο θάνατο ἢ αἰώνια ζωή.
Ψ
Σὲ ἐκεῖνον, ὁ ὁποῖος τοὺς ἀποδέχεται προκαλοῦν θάνατο.
Ψ
Σὲ ἐκεῖνον, ὁ ὁποῖος τοὺς ἀποστρέφεται καὶ τοὺς πολεμᾶ χαρίζουν ζωὴ καὶ αὐξάνουν τὸν μισθό του στὸν Οὐρανό
–
3.
Συμβαίνει κάποτε νὰ ἔρχωνται λογισμοὶ ἀπιστίας ἢ βλασφημίας κατὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ, τῆς ̔Υπεραγίας Θεοτόκου ἢ τῶν ̔Αγίων· καμμιὰ φορά, ἀντικρύζεις τὰ ἄχραντα καὶ θεῖα Μυστήρια ἢ τὶς ἅγιες Εἰκόνες καὶ πέφτουν ἐπάνω σου, σὰν μαῦρο σύννεφο, βλάσφημες σκέψεις.
Ψ
Περιφρόνησε αὐτοὺς τοὺς λογισμούς ! ̓Αδιαφόρησε. Μὴν ἀνησυχῆς καὶ μὴ θλίβεσαι, γιατὶ ἔτσι χαροποιεῖς τὸν διάβολο.
Ψ
̓Αρκεῖ στὸν διάβολο νὰ σὲ βλέπη θλιμμένο καὶ συγχυσμένο, ἂν δὲν κατορθώση κάτι χειρότερο· θὰ ἐπαυξήση τότε τοὺς λογισμούς σου, γιὰ νὰ ἐξουθενώση τελείως τὴν συνείδησί σου.
Ψ
῞Οταν ὅμως ὁ διάβολος σὲ ἰδῆ νὰ περιφρονῆς τοὺς βλάσφημους λογισμούς, θὰ ἀπομακρυνθῆ ντροπιασμένος.
4.
Πρόσεξε,καὶ θὰ διαπιστώσης ὅτι καὶ τὰ τρία εἴδη τῶν λογισμῶν, ἀπιστίας — βλασφημίας— πορνείας,γεννιοῦνται συχνὰ ἀπὸ τὴν κατάκρισι.
Ψ
Μὴν κατακρίνης τὸν ἀδελφό σου καὶ τότε θὰ καταφέρης γενναῖο πλῆγμα στοὺς πονηροὺς λογισμούς.
Ψ
̓Επειδὴ ὅμως ὁ πόλεμος τῶν λογισμῶν ταλαιπωρεῖ συνήθως τοὺς ὑπερηφάνους καὶ φθονερούς, ὁ πλέον βέβαιος τρόπος γιὰ νὰ ἀπαλλαγῆς ἀπὸ αὐτόν, εἶναι νὰ καλλιεργήσης μέσα σου τὴν ταπείνωσι καὶ τὴν ἀκακία.
5.
Οἱ ῞Αγιοι Πατέρες διδάσκουν καὶ ὑποδεικνύουν τὰ μέσα καὶ τοὺς τρόπους ποὺ θὰ χρησιμοποιήσης, προκειμένου νὰ νικήσης τοὺς λογισμοὺς καὶ νὰ καταισχύνης τοὺς δαίμονες, οἱ ὁποῖοι τοὺς σπέρνουν μέσα σου:
Ψ
Νὰ τοὺς φανερώνης στὸν Πνευματικό σου μὲ τὴν ̓Εξομολόγησι.
Ψ
Νὰ προσεύχεσαι στὸν Κύριο μὲ θέρμη, ἀναθέτοντας σὲ ̓Εκεῖνον τὴν ἀσθένειά σου καὶ ὁμολογώντας τὴν ἀδυναμία σου.
Ψ
Νὰ καλλιεργῆς μέσα σου τὴν συντριβὴ τοῦ νοῦ, τὴν αὐτομεμψία καὶ γενικά, τὸ ταπεινὸ φρόνημα.
Ψ
Νὰ ἀγαπήσης τὴν νηστεία, ἡ ὁποία θανατώνει πρὸ παντὸς τοὺς σαρκικοὺς λογισμούς.
Ψ
Νὰ ἀγαπήσης τοὺς σωματικοὺς κόπους καὶ μόχθους, οἱ ὁποῖοι ταπεινώνουν τὸ σῶμα καὶ πνίγουν μέσα στὸν ἱδρῶτα σου τὶς πανουργίες τῶν δαιμόνων.
Ψ
Νὰ ζῆς συνέχεια μὲ τὴν μνήμη τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τῆς φοβερᾶς Κρίσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ.
Ψ
Νὰ ἀντιπαραθέτης στοὺς ρυπαροὺς λογισμοὺς ἄλλους λογισμούς, ὑγιεῖς καὶ θεαρέστους.
Ψ
Τέλος,ἂν εἶσαι δυνατός, περιφρόνησε καὶ περιγέλασε τοὺς λογισμούς, καὶ ὕστερα προσπέρασέ τους ἀδιάφορα· ὁ τελευταῖος αὐτὸς τρόπος ἐξευτελίζει τελείως τοὺς δαίμονες.
̔Αγίου Δημητρίου τοῦ Ροστώφ,
Πνευματικὸ ̓Αλφάβητο, σελ. 15-17, ἔκδοσις ̔Ιερᾶς
Μονῆς Παρακλήτου, ̓Ωρωπὸς ̓Αττικῆς 1995, ἐπιμελ. ἡμετ.