ΑΓΙΟΣ ΓΡΗΓΟΡΙΟΣ Ο ΠΑΛΑΜΑΣ-ΠΕΡΙ ΤΗΣ ΣΑΜΑΡΕΙΤΙΔΟΣ

ΕΠΙ ΤΟΥ ΕΥΑΓΓΕΛΙΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΧΡΙΣΤΟΥ ΠΕΡΙ ΤΗΣ ΣΑΜΑΡΕΙΤΙΔΟΣ

Καί ὅτι πρέπει νά καταφρονοῦμε τά παρόντα
(τοῦ ἁγίου Γρηγορίου τοῦ Παλαμᾶ)

Oλην αὐτήν τήν περίοδο πού διανύομε τώρα, ἐπεκτεινομένη σέ πενήντα ἡμέρες, ἑορτάζομε τήν ἀπό τούς νεκρούς ἀνάστασι τοῦ Κυρίου καί Θεοῦ καί Σωτῆρος μας ᾿Ιησοῦ Χριστοῦ, δεικνύοντας μέ αὐτή τήν παράτασι τήν ὑπεροχή της ἀπέναντι στίς ἄλλες ἑορτές. ῎Αν καί βέβαια αὐτή ἡ περίοδος τῶν ἡμερῶν περιλαμβάνει καί τήν ἐπέτειο μνήμη τῆς ἐπανόδου στούς οὐρανούς, ἀλλά καί αὐτή δεικνύει τή διαφορά τοῦ ἀναστάντος Δεσπότου πρός τούς ἀνθρώπους ἐκείνους πού κατά καιρούς ἔχουν ἀναβιώσει. Πραγματικά ὅλοι ὅσοι ἀναστήθηκαν ἀπό τούς νεκρούς ἀναστήθηκαν ἀπό ἄλλους καί, ἀφοῦ ἀπέθαναν πάλι, ἐπέστρεψαν στή γῆ.ὁ δέ Χριστός, ἀφοῦ ἀναστήθηκε ἀπό τούς νεκρούς, δέν κυριεύεται πλέον καθόλου ἀπό τόν θάνατο.διότι μόνο αὐτός, ἀφοῦ ἀνέστησε τόν ἑαυτό του τήν τρίτη ἡμέρα, δέν ἐπέστρεψε πάλι στή γῆ, ἀλλά ἀνέβηκε στόν οὐρανό, καθιστώντας τό φύραμά μας πού εἶχε λάβει ὁμόθρονο μέ τόν Πατέρα ὡς ὁμόθεο. Γι᾿ αὐτό εἶναι ὁ μόνος πού ἔγινε ἀρχή τῆς μελλοντικῆς ἀναστάσεως ὅλων καί ὁ μόνος πού κατέστη ἀπαρχή τῶν νεκρῶν καί πρωτότοκος ἀπό τούς νεκρούς καί πατέρας τοῦ μέλλοντος αἰῶνος. Καί ὅπως ὅλοι, ἁμαρτωλοί καί δίκαιοι, ἀποθαίνουν στόν ᾿Αδάμ, ἔτσι στόν Χριστό θά ζωοποιηθοῦν ὅλοι, ἁμαρτωλοί καί δίκαιοι, ἀλλ᾿ ὁ καθένας στήν τάξι του.ἀπαρχή εἶναι ὁ Χριστός, ἔπειτα οἱ ὀπαδοί τοῦ Χριστοῦ κατά τήν παρουσία του, ἔπειτα οἱ τελευταῖοι, ὅταν καταργήση κάθε ἀρχή καί ἐξουσία καί δύναμι καί θέση ὅλους τούς ἐχθρούς του κάτω ἀπό τά πόδια του. Τελευταῖος ἐχθρός πού θά καταργηθῆ εἶναι ὁ θάνατος (Α´ Κορ. 15,22 ἑἑ), κατά τήν κοινή ἀνάστασι, μέ τήν ἐσχάτη σάλπιγγα.διότι πρέπει τό φθαρτό τοῦτο στοιχεῖο νά ἐνδυθῆ ἀφθαρσία καί τό θνητό τοῦτο νά ἐνδυθῆ ἀθανασία (Α´ Κορ. 15,53).

Τέτοια δωρεά μᾶς προσφέρει ἡ ἀνάστασις τοῦ Κυρίου, καί γι᾿ αὐτό μόνο αὐτήν ἑορτάζομε μέ τόση διάρκεια σάν ἀθάνατη καί ἀνώλεθρη καί ἀΐδια, προεικονίζοντας μέ αὐτά καί τήν μέλλουσα μακαριότητα τῶν ἁγίων, ἀπό τήν ὁποία ἔχει ἐξαφανισθῆ κάθε ὀδύνη, λύπη καί στεναγμός.ὑπάρχει δέ σ᾿ αὐτήν εὐφροσύνη καί πανήγυρις ἐνθουσιώδης καί ἀναλλοίωτη. διότι ἐκεῖ εἶναι πραγματικά ἡ κατοικία τῶν εὐφραινομένων. Γι᾿ αὐτό ἡ χάρις τοῦ Πνεύματος ἐνομοθέτησε πρίν ἀπό τίς ἡμέρες αὐτές νά τελοῦμε τήν ἱερά τεσσαρακοστή μέ νηστεία καί ἀγρυπνία καί μέ προσευχή καί κάθε εἶδος ἀσκήσεως τῶν ἀρετῶν. Μέ τήν τεσσαρακοντάδα τῶν ἡμερῶν δεικνύει ὅτι σ᾿ αὐτόν τόν αἰῶνα ἡ ζωή τῶν σωζομένων δέν εἶναι τίποτε ἄλλο παρά μετάνοια καί θεοφιλής βίος.μέ τήν πεντηκοστή δέ αὐτή, πού διανύομε τώρα, ἐπιδεικνύει τήν ἄνεσι καί ἀπόλαυσι πού θά ὑποδεχθῆ αὐτούς πού ἔζησαν ἐδῶ ἐναγωνίως γιά τόν Θεό.

Γι᾿ αὐτό ἐκείνη μέν εἶναι τεσσαρακοστή, ἔχει συνακόλουθη τήν μνήμη τῶν σωτηρίων παθῶν καί μετά τήν ἑβδόμη ἑβδομάδα λαμβάνει τήν λύσι τῆς νηστείας.αὐτή δέ σάν πεντηκοστή συμπεριλαμβάνει καί τήν ἀπό τή γῆ μετάθεσι στόν οὐρανό καί τήν κατάβασι καί διάδοσι τοῦ θείου Πνεύματος. Διότι αὐτός ἐδῶ ὁ αἰών εἶναι ἑβδοματικός καί συνίσταται ἀπό τέσσερις ἐποχές καί μέρη καί στοιχεῖα καί γι᾿ αὐτούς πού σ᾿ αὐτόν καθιστοῦν τούς ἑαυτούς των κοινωνούς τῶν παθημάτων τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐπιφέρει τήν ἑορτή τῆς Πεντηκοστῆς, πού ἀρχίζει ἀπό τήν ὀγδόη καί καταλήγει στήν ὀγδόη καί ἀφοῦ ξεπεράση τήν ἑβδομάδα καί τήν τετρακτύ, διά τῆς ἀναστάσεως τοῦ Κυρίου καί τῆς ἔπειτα ἀπό αὐτήν ἀναλήψεως παριστάνει τήν μέλλουσα ἀνάστασι τοῦ ἀνθρωπίνου γένους καί τήν κατ᾿ αὐτήν ἀνύψωσι τῶν ἀξίων στά σύννεφα πρός τήν θεία συνάντησι καί στήν συνέχεια τήν συνύπαρξι καί ἀνάπαυσι μέ τόν Θεό στούς αἰῶνες.

Αὐτή λοιπόν θά ἔλθη στόν καιρό της. ῾Ο δέ Κύριος κηρύττοντας τό εὐαγγέλιο τῆς βασιλείας πρίν ἀπό τό πάθος καί δεικνύοντας στούς μαθητάς ὅτι δέν θά γίνη μόνο ἀνάμεσα στούς ᾿Ιουδαίους ἡ ἐκλογή τῶν ἀξίων τῆς πίστεως καί τῆς ἀπό αὐτόν προτεινομένης ἀΐδιας κληρονομίας ἀλλά καί ἀνάμεσα στούς ᾿Εθνικούς, κατά τήν σήμερα ἀναγινωσκομένη στήν ἐκκλησία περικοπή τοῦ εὐαγγελίου (᾿Ιω. 4,5-30) "ἔρχεται σέ μιά πόλι τῆς Σαμαρείας, πού λέγεται Σιχάρ, πλησίον τοῦ τόπου πού ἔδωσε ὁ ᾿Ιακώβ στόν υἱό του ᾿Ιωσήφ. ᾿Εκεῖ ἦταν ἡ πηγή τοῦ ᾿Ιακώβ". Πηγή φυσικά ὀνομάζει τό φρέαρ, διότι εἶχε ὕδωρ πηγαῖο, ὅπως θά φανῆ ἀπό τήν συνέχεια τοῦ λόγου.ἦταν δέ τοῦ ᾿Ιακώβ, ἐπειδή ἐκεῖνος τό εἶχε ἀνοίξει. ῾Ο δέ τόπος πού ἔδωσε ὁ ᾿Ιακώβ στόν ᾿Ιωσήφ εἶναι τά Σίκημα. Διότι εἶπε πρός αὐτόν, ὅταν ἔπνεε τά ἔσχατα στήν Αἴγυπτο καί ἔκαμε διαθήκη. "᾿Ιδού ἐγώ πεθαίνω, ἐνῶ ἐσᾶς θά σᾶς ἐπαναφέρη ὁ Θεός ἀπό αὐτή τή γῆ στή γῆ τῶν πατέρων μας. ᾿Εγώ δίδω τά Σίκημα κατ᾿ ἐξαίρεσι ἀπό τούς ἀδελφούς σου σέ σένα, τά ὁποῖα ἔλαβα ἀπό τούς ᾿Αμορραίους μέ τό ξίφος καί τό τόξο μου". Γι᾿ αὐτό τά μέν Σίκημα κατοικοῦνταν ὕστερα ἀπό τήν φυλή τοῦ ᾿Εφραίμ, ὁ ὁποῖος ἦταν πρωτότοκος υἱός τοῦ ᾿Ιωσήφ, τόν δέ τόπο γύρω ἀπό αὐτά κατοικοῦσαν οἱ δέκα φυλές τοῦ ᾿Ισραήλ, τίς ὁποῖες ἐκυβέρνησε ὁ ἀποστάτης ῾Ιερουβοάμ.

᾿Αφοῦ δέ αὐτοί προσέκρουσαν στόν Θεό πολλές φορές καί ἐγκαταλείφθηκαν ἀπό αὐτόν πολλές φορές, ὕστερα ἔγιναν ὅλο τό γένος αἰχμάλωτοι, ὁπότε ἀντί αὐτῶν ὁ ἡγέτης τῶν ᾿Ασσυρίων ἐγκατέστησε στόν τόπο ἔθνη πού συνάθροισε ἀπό διάφορα μέρη καί τούς ὠνόμασε Σαμαρεῖτες ἀπό τό ὄρος Σομόρ. ῞Οπως δέ ὁ ᾿Ιακώβ περνώντας ἀπό ἐκεῖ ὑπέταξε τά Σίκημα, καθώς λέγει ἡ ἱστορία, ἔτσι περνώντας ὁ Χριστός τώρα ὑπέταξε τή Σαμάρεια. ᾿Αλλά ἐκεῖνος μέν τό ἔκαμε, ὅπως λέγει ὁ ἴδιος, μέ τήν ρομφαία καί τό τόξο του, δηλαδή πρός ἐξολόθρευσι καί καταστροφή τῶν παλαιῶν κατοίκων, ὁ δέ Χριστός μέ λόγο καί διδασκαλία, δηλαδή γιά σωτηρία."διότι ὁ ᾿Ιησοῦς", λέγει, "κουρασμένος ἀπ᾿ τήν ὁδοιπορία, ἐκαθόταν ἔτσι δίπλα στό πηγάδι.ἡ ὥρα ἦταν περίπου ἕκτη".

Καί ἡ ὥρα καί ὁ κόπος καί ὁ τόπος ἐπέβαλλαν νά καθήση καθένας πού ἔχει σῶμα σάν τό δικό μας. Θέλοντας λοιπόν νά ἐπιβεβαιώση τοῦτο καί προβλέποντας τό μελλοντικό κέρδος, ἐκαθόταν, λέγει, ἔτσι δίπλα στό πηγάδι, δηλαδή ἀφελῶς κάτω, μόνος του σάν ἕνας ὁδοιπόρος ἀπό τούς πολλούς, διότι οἱ μαθηταί του εἶχαν φύγει στήν πόλι, γιά ν᾿ ἀγοράσουν τροφές. Καθώς λοιπόν ἐκαθόταν ἔτσι μόνος του δίπλα στό πηγάδι, ἔρχεται μιά γυναῖκα ἀπό τήν Σαμάρεια νά πάρη νερό. ῾Ο δέ Κύριος, ὡς ἄνθρωπος διψώντας καί βλέποντας νά ἔρχεται κάποια ἀνθρωπίνως διψῶσα, γιά νά σταματήση τή δίψα της, ὡς Θεός δέ βλέποντας καί τήν καρδιά της νά διψᾶ γιά σωτήριο ὕδωρ, χωρίς ὅμως νά γνωρίζη αὐτόν πού μπορεῖ νά τῆς τό προσφέρη, ἐπείγεται ν᾿ ἀποκαλύψη τόν ἑαυτό του στήν ποθοῦσα ψυχή, διότι ποθεῖ καί αὐτός τούς ποθοῦντας κατά τά γεγραμμένα, ἀρχίζει δέ ἀπό ἐκεῖ πού θά γίνη εὐπρόσδεκτος.καί τῆς λέγει, "δός μου νερό νά πιῶ". Αὐτή δέ, καθώς ἦταν εὐφυής καί ἀντελήφθηκε καί ἀπό μόνο τή στολή καί τό σχῆμα καί τήν ἔκδηλη ἐξωτερική κοσμιότητα ὅτι εἶναι ᾿Ιουδαῖος καί φύλακας τοῦ νόμου, εἶπε, θαυμάζω πῶς ζητεῖς ἀπό Σαμαρείτιδα νερό, ἐνῶ οἱ ᾿Ιουδαῖοι δέν ἐπικοινωνοῦν μέ τούς Σαμαρεῖτες ὡς ἐθνικούς. ῾Ο δέ Κύριος. παίρνοντας ἀπό αὐτό ἀφορμή, ἀρχίζει νά ἀποκαλύπτη τόν ἑαυτό του πρός αὐτήν λέγοντας."ἄν ἐγνώριζες τήν δωρεά τοῦ Θεοῦ καί ποιός εἶναι αὐτός πού σοῦ λέγει, δός μου νά πιῶ νερό, ἐσύ θά τοῦ ἐζητοῦσες καί θα σοῦ ἔδινε ζωντανό ὕδωρ".

Βλέπεται ἐπιβεβαίωσι περί τοῦ ὅτι, ἄν ἐγνώριζε, θά ἐζητοῦσε ἀμέσως καί θά ἐγινόταν μέτοχος πραγματικά ζωντανοῦ ὕδατος, ὅπως ἔπραξε καί ἀπήλαυσε ὅταν ἔμαθε ὕστερα, ἐνῶ τό συνέδριο τῶν ᾿Ιουδαίων, πού ἐρώτησαν κι᾿ ἔμαθαν σαφῶς, ἔπειτα ἐσταύρωσαν τόν Κύριο τῆς δόξης (Α' Κορ 2,8); ᾿Αλλά ποιά εἶναι ἡ δωρεά τοῦ Θεοῦ; "διότι", λέγει, "ἄν ἐγνώριζες τή δωρεά τοῦ Θεοῦ". Γιά ν᾿ ἀφήσωμε τά ἄλλα, καί μόνο τοῦτο, τό ὅτι ὁ ἐνανθρωπήσας Θεός δέν βδελύσσεται τούς θεωρουμένους ἀπό τούς ᾿Ιουδαίους βδελυκτούς καί ἀκοινωνήτους ἀκόμη καί γιά ἕνα ποτήρι νερό, πόσο μεγάλη δωρεά καί χάρις δέν εἶναι; Τό δέ νά τούς θεωρῆ τόσο ἀγαπητούς, ὥστε ὄχι μόνο νά δέχεται τά διδόμενα ἀπό αὐτούς, ἀλλά νά μεταδίδη σ᾿ ἐκείνους ἀπό τά ἴδια τά θεῖα χαρίσματά του (τί λέγω τά χαρίσματα; Διότι προσφέρει τόν ἑαυτό του καί καθιστᾶ τούς πιστούς σκεύη δεκτικά τῆς θεότητός του, ἀφοῦ, ὅπως προβλέποντας ἐπαγγέλλεται, δέν εἶναι δυνατό νά ἔχουν ἀλλιῶς μέσα τους πηγή, πού νά τρέχη στήν αἰώνια ζωή), ποιός νοῦς θά τό καταλάβη; Ποιός λόγος θά ἐκφράση τό ὑπερβάλλον τῆς δωρεᾶς;

῾Η Σαμαρεῖτις, ἐπειδή δέν κατάλαβε ἀκόμη τό μεγαλεῖο τοῦ ζωντανοῦ ὕδατος, πρῶτα μέν ἀπορεῖ, ἀπό πού θά εὕρη τό ὕδωρ πού ὑπόσχεται ὁ συνομιλητής, ἀφοῦ κουβᾶ δέν ἔχει καί τό πηγάδι εἶνα βαθύ. ῎Επειτα ἐπιχειρεῖ νά τόν συγκρίνη μέ τόν ᾿Ιακώβ, τόν ὁποῖο ἀποκαλεῖ καί πατέρα, ἐξυμνώντας τό γένος ἀπό τόν τόπο, καί ἐξαίρει τό νερό τοῦ πηγαδιοῦ, μέ τή σκέψι ὅτι δέν μπορεῖ νά εὑρεθῆ καλύτερο ἀπό αὐτό. ῞Οταν δέ ἄκουσε τόν Κύριο νά λέγει ὅτι "τό ὕδωρ πού θά σοῦ δώσω ἐγώ, θά γίνη γιά τόν δεχόμενο πηγή πού τρέχει πρός αἰώνια ζωή", ἄφησε λόγο ψυχῆς πού ποθεῖ καί ὁδηγεῖται πρός τήν πίστι, ἀλλά δέν μπόρεσε ἀκόμη νά κυττάξη καθαρά πρός τό φῶς."δός μου", λέγει, "Κύριε, τό ὕδωρ τοῦτο, γιά νά μήν διψῶ κι᾿ οὔτε νά ἔρχωμαι ἐδῶ νά παίρνω". ῾Ο δέ Κύριος, θέλοντας ἀκόμη νά ἀποκαλύπτεται λίγο λίγο, τήν προστάσσει νά φωνάξη καί τόν ἄνδρα της. Καθώς δέ ἐκείνη, κρύβοντας τή διαγωγή της καί συγχρόνως σπεύδοντας νά πάρη τό δῶρο, ἔλεγε, "δέν ἔχω ἄνδρα", ἀκούει πόσους ἄνδρες εἶχε δικούς της ἀπό παιδί καί ἐλέγχεται ὅτι τώρα ἔχει ἄνδρα πού δέν εἶναι δικός της.δέν στενοχωρεῖται ὅμως ἀπό τόν ἔλεγχο, ἀλλά ἀμέσως, ἀντιληφθεῖσα ὅτι εἶναι προφήτης ὁ συνομιλητής, ἐπιλαμβάνεται ὑψηλοτέρων ζητημάτων.

Βλέπεται πόση εἶναι ἡ μακροθυμία καί ἡ φιλομάθεια τῆς γυναικός; Διότι, λέγει, "οἱ πατέρες μας προσκύνησαν στό ὄρος τοῦτο καί σεῖς λέγετε ὅτι ὁ τόπος ὅπου πρέπει νά προσκυνοῦμε εἶναι στά ᾿Ιεροσόλυμα". Βλέπετε πόση συλλογή εἶχε στήν διάνοιά της καί πόση γνώσι τῆς Γραφῆς εἶχε; Πόσοι τώρα ἀπό τούς γεννημένους πιστούς καί τροφίμους τῆς ᾿Εκκλησίας ἀγνοοῦν ὅ,τι ἐγνώριζε ἡ Σαμαρεῖτις, ὅτι οἱ πατέρες μας, ὁ ᾿Ιακώβ δηλαδή καί οἱ ἀπό αὐτόν πατριάρχες, προσκύνησαν τόν Θεό στό ὄρος τοῦτο; Αὐτήν τή γνῶσι καί τήν βαθειά μελέτη τῆς θεόπνευστης Γραφῆς δεχόμενος ὁ Χριστός σάν ὀσμή εὐωδίας, ἐπέμεινε συζητώντας εὐχαρίστως μέ τή Σαμαρείτιδα. ῞Οπως δηλαδή, ἄν ἐπάνω στούς ἄνθρακες τοποθετήσης κάτι εὔοσμο, ἐπαναφέρεις καί συγκρατεῖς τούς πλησιάζοντας, ἄν ὅμως βάλης κάτι βαρύ καί δύσοσμο, τούς ἀπωθεῖς καί τούς ἀπομακρύνεις, ἔτσι καί στήν διάνοια.ἄν ἔχεις ἱερά μελέτη καί σπουδή, καθιστᾶς τόν ἑαυτόν σου ἄξιον θείας ἐπιστασίας, διότι αὐτή εἶναι ἡ ὀσμή εὐωδίας πού ὀσφραίνεται ὁ Κύριος.ἄν ὅμως τρέφης μέσα πονηρούς καί ρυπαρούς καί γηίνους λογισμούς, ἀπομακρύνεσαι ἀπό τήν θεία ἐπιστασία, καθιστώντας τόν ἑαυτό σου ἄξιον τῆς ἀποστροφῆς, ἀλλοίμονο, τοῦ Θεοῦ. Διότι "δέν θά παραμείνουν παράνομοι ἀπέναντι στούς ὀφθαλμούς σου", λέγει πρός τόν Θεό ὁ ψαλμωδός προφήτης (Ψαλμ. 5,5). ᾿Αφοῦ ὁ νόμος διατάσσει "νά μνημονεύης διαπαντός τόν Κύριο τόν Θεό σου, ὅταν κάθεσαι καί ὅταν βαδίζης, ὅταν εἶσαι ξαπλωμένος καί ὅταν εἶσαι ὄρθιος", τό δέ εὐαγγέλιο λέγει, "ἐρευνᾶτε τίς Γραφές", διότι σ᾿αὐτές θά εὑρῆτε ζωή αἰώνια (᾿Ιω. 5,39), καί ὁ ἀπόστολος παραγγέλει, "νά προσεύχεσθε ἀδιαλείπτως" (Α´ Θεσσ. 5,17), αὐτός πού ἀσχολεῖται ἐπίμονα μέ γηίνους λογισμούς εἶναι ὁπωσδήποτε παράνομος, πολύ περισσότερο αὐτός πού ἀσχολεῖται μέ πονηρούς καί ρυπαρούς.

᾿Αλλά πότε προσκύνησαν τόν Θεό σ᾿ αὐτό τό ὄρος οἱ πατέρες μας; ῞Οταν ὁ πατριάρχης ᾿Ιακώβ, ἀποφεύγοντας τόν φοβερό ἀδελφό του ᾿Ησαῦ καί πειθαρχώντας στίς συμβουλές τοῦ πατρός ᾿Ισαάκ, ἀνεχώρησε πρός τή Μεσσοποταμία καί ὅταν ἐπανῆλθε ἀπό ἐκεῖ μέ γυναῖκες καί τέκνα. Κατά τήν ἐπάνοδο, ὅταν ὁ ᾿Ιακώβ ἔπηξε σκηνές σ᾿ αὐτόν περίπου τόν τόπο, ὅπου ὡμιλοῦσε ὁ Κύριος μέ τήν Σαμαρείτιδα, μετά τό ἐπεισόδιο τῆς Δείνας καί τήν ἅλωσι τῶν Σικήμων, τοῦ εἶπε ὁ Θεός, ὅπως γράφεται στή Γένεσι."σήκω καί πήγαινε στήν Βαιθήλ καί κατασκεύασε ἐκεῖ θυσιαστήριο στόν Θεό πού σοῦ ἐμφανίσθηκε ὅταν ἀπέδρασες ἀπό τήν παρουσία τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου ᾿Ησαῦ". Μετά τά λόγια αὐτά ὁ ᾿Ιακώβ ἐσηκώθηκε καί ἀνέβηκε στό παρακείμενο ὄρος καί οἰκοδόμησε ἐκεῖ, λέγει, θυσιαστήριο καί ἐκάλεσε τό ὄνομα τοῦ τόπου Βαιθήλ. διότι ἐκεῖ τοῦ ἐμφανίσθηκε ὁ Θεός. Γι᾿ αὐτό λέγει ἡ Σαμαρεῖτις ὅτι οἱ πατέρες μας προσκύνησαν στό ὄρος τοῦτο, ἀκολουθώντας τούς ἀρχαίους ἐκείνους.διότι οἱ σχετικές διατάξεις γιά τόν ναό τῶν ᾿Ιεροσολύμων ἐνομοθετήθηκαν ὕστερα. Καί ἐπειδή βέβαια ὁ τόπος ἐκεῖνος ὠνομάσθηκε ἀπό τόν ᾿Ιακώβ οἶκος Θεοῦ, διότι τοῦτο σημαίνει τό ὄνομα Βαιθήλ ἑρμηνευόμενο, αὐτή ἀπορεῖ ποθώντας νά μάθη, πῶς δέν λέγετε ὅτι ἐκεῖ εἶναι μᾶλλον ὁ οἶκος τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἀλλά στά ᾿Ιεροσόλυμα, ὅπου νομίζετε ὅτι πρέπει νά θυσιάζετε καί νά προσκυνῆτε τόν Θεό. ῾Ο δέ Κύριος, ὁλοκληρώνοντας ἤδη τόν σκοπό τῶν λόγων του καί προφητεύοντας περί τῆς γυναικός, ὅτι θά εἶναι τέτοια καθώς τήν ζητεῖ καί τήν δέχεται ὁ Θεός, καί ἀποκρινόμενος πρός τούς λόγους της λέγει, "γυναῖκα, πίστευσέ με, ὅτι ἔρχεται ὥρα, ὁπότε οὔτε στό ὄρος τοῦτο οὔτε στά ᾿Ιεροσόλυμα θά προσκυνῆτε τόν Πατέρα", καί ἔπειτα ἀπό λίγο, "τέτοιους ζητεῖ ὁ Θεός αὐτούς πού τόν προσκυνοῦν".

Βλέπετε ὅτι καί γι᾿ αὐτήν βεβαιώνει ὅτι θά γίνη τέτοια, ὅπως τήν θέλει ὁ Θεός, καί ὅτι θά προσκυνῆ τόν ῞Υψιστο Πατέρα, ὄχι τοπικῶς ἀλλά εὐαγγελικῶς, (διότι πρός αὐτήν ἀπευθύνεται ὁ λόγος ὅτι οὔτε στό ὄρος τοῦτο οὔτε στά ᾿Ιεροσόλυμα θά προσκυνῆτε τόν Πατέρα), συγχρόνως δέ προαναγγέλλει σ᾿ αὐτήν φανερά καί τήν μετάθεσι τοῦ νόμου; Διότι, ἀφοῦ θά μετατεθῆ ἡ προσκύνησις, ἀναγκαίως θά γίνη μετάθεσις καί τοῦ νόμου.

᾿Αλλά καί τό ἐνδιάμεσο κείμενο "σεῖς προσκυνεῖτε ὅ,τι δέν γνωρίζετε, ἐμεῖς προσκυνοῦμε, ὅ,τι γνωρίζομε, ὅτι ἡ σωτηρία εἶναι ἀπό τούς ᾿Ιουδαίους", εἶναι ἀπόκρισις πρός τόν λόγο ἐκείνης, ἀλλά συγχρόνως ἀποτελεῖ συνέπεια τῶν λόγων του. Διότι λέγει ὅτι κατά τοῦτο ἐμεῖς οἱ ᾿Ιουδαῖοι (διότι τοποθετεῖ καί τόν ἑαυτό του μ᾿ ἐκείνους, ἀφοῦ κατά σάρκα εἶναι ἀπό ἐκείνους).ἐμεῖς λοιπόν, λέγει, πού δέν διαψεύδομε τό ὄνομα, ἀλλά γνωρίζομε τά ἰδικά μας, κατά τοῦτο διαφέρομε στήν προσκύνησι ἀπό σᾶς τούς Σαμαρεῖτες, ὅτι γνωρίζομε πώς ὁρίζεται νά τελῆται στήν ᾿Ιουδαία ἡ προσκύνησις γιά τόν λόγο ὅτι ἀπό τούς ᾿Ιουδαίους θά προέλθη ἡ σωτηρία ὅλου τοῦ κόσμου, δηλαδή θά ἔλθη ὁ Χριστός. ᾿Επειδή δέ δέν πρόκειται νά ἔλθη στό μέλλον, διότι ἦταν αὐτός ὁ ἴδιος, δέν εἶπε ὅτι ἡ σωτηρία θά εἶναι ἀπό τούς ᾿Ιουδαίους, ἀλλ᾿ ὅτι εἶναι. "᾿Αλλά ἔρχεται ὥρα", λέγει, "καί εἶναι τώρα". Καί αὐτά εἶναι προφητικά.τό ἔρχεται χρησιμοποιήθηκε διότι δέν ἐτελέσθηκε ἀκόμη, ἀλλά θά τελεσθῆ, τό δέ "τώρα εἶναι", χρησιμοποιήθηκε ἐπειδή τήν ἔβλεπε ἔτοιμη νά πιστεύση σύντομα καί νά προσκυνῆ πνευματικῶς καί ἀληθῶς."ἔρχεται λοιπόν", λέγει, "ὥρα, καί τώρα ἀκριβῶς εἶναι, ὁπότε οἱ ἀληθινοί προσκυνηταί θά προσκυνοῦν τόν Πατέρα κατά Πνεῦμα καί ἀλήθεια".διότι ὁ ὕψιστος καί προσκυνητός Πατήρ, εἶναι Πατήρ αὐτοαληθείας, δηλαδή τοῦ μονογενοῦς Υἱοῦ, καί ἔχει Πνεῦμα ἀληθείας, τό Πνεῦμα τό ἅγιον, καί αὐτοί πού τόν προσκυνοῦν κατ᾿ αὐτούς, τό πράττουν διότι ἔτσι πιστεύουν καί διότι ἐνεργοῦνται δι᾿ αὐτῶν. Διότι, λέγει ὁ ἀπόστολος, τό Πνεῦμα εἶναι αὐτό διά τοῦ ὁποίου προσκυνοῦμε καί διά τοῦ ὁποίου προσευχόμαστε (Βλ. Ρωμ. 8,26), καί "κανείς δέν ἔρχεται πρός τόν Πατέρα παρά μόνο δι᾿ ἐμοῦ", λέγει ὁ μονογενής Υἱός τοῦ Θεοῦ (᾿Ιω. 14,6).

Αὐτοί λοιπόν πού προσκυνοῦν ἔτσι κατά τό Πνεῦμα καί τήν ἀλήθεια τόν ὕψιστο Πατέρα, αὐτοί εἶναι οἱ ἀληθινοί προσκυνηταί. ᾿Αφοῦ δέ ἐξέβαλε καί τά ᾿Ιεροσόλυμα καί τήν Σαμάρεια, γιά νά μή νομίση κανείς ὅτι πρόκειται νά εἰσαχθῆ ἀντί γι᾿ αὐτά ἄλλος τόπος, στήν συνέχεια ἀπομακρύνει πάλι τόν ἀκροατή ἀπό κάθε σωματική ἔννοια καί τόπο καί προσκύνησι, λέγοντας, "Πνεῦμα εἶναι ὁ Θεός, καί αὐτοί πού τόν προσκυνοῦν πρέπει νά προσκυνοῦν κατά Πνεῦμα καί ἀλήθεια", δηλαδή ἐννοώντας τόν ἀσώματο ἐντελῶς ἔξω ἀπό σώματα.διότι ἔτσι θά τόν ἰδοῦν καί ἀληθινῶς παντοῦ μέσα στό Πνεῦμα καί τήν ᾿Αλήθειά του. ῾Ως πνεῦμα δηλαδή πού εἶναι ὁ Θεός εἶναι ἀσώματος, τό δέ ἀσώματο δέν εὑρίσκεται σέ τόπο οὔτε περιγράφεται μέ τοπικά ὅρια. ῾Επομένως αὐτός πού λέγει ὅτι ὁ Θεός πρέπει νά προσκυνῆται μόνο στά ὅρια τῶν ᾿Ιεροσολύμων ἤ τοῦ ὄρους τῆς Σαμαρείας ἤ σέ κάποιον ἄλλο ἀπό τούς πανταχοῦ στή γῆ καί τόν οὐρανό τόπους, δέν ὁμιλεῖ ἀληθῶς οὔτε προσκυνεῖ ἀληθῶς. ᾿Αλλά ὡς ἀσώματος ὁ Θεός δέν εἶναι πουθενά, ὡς Θεός δέ εἶναι πανταχοῦ.ἐάν ὑπάρχη ὄρος ἤ τόπος ἤ κτιστό πρᾶγμα, ὅπου δέν ὑπάρχει ὁ Θεός, πάλι θά εὑρεθῆ νά περιγράφεται σέ κάτι.εἶναι λοιπόν πανταχοῦ καί σέ ὅλα ὁ Θεός. Πῶς λοιπόν πανταχοῦ καί σέ ὅλα; ῾Ως περιεχόμενος ὄχι ἀπό μέρος ἀλλά ἀπό τό σύμπαν; ῎Οχι βέβαια, διότι πάλι θά εἶναι σῶμα. ῾Επομένως, ὡς συνέχων καί περιέχων τό πᾶν, αὐτός εἶναι στόν ἑαυτό του, πανταχοῦ καί ἐπάνω ἀπό τό σύμπαν, προσκυνούμενος ἀπό τούς ἀληθινούς προσκυνητάς κατά τό Πνεῦμα καί τήν ᾿Αλήθειά του.

Πανταχοῦ λοιπόν, ὄχι μόνο τῆς γῆς ἀλλά καί τῶν ὑπεράνω τῆς γῆς, θά προσκυνηθῆ ὁ Θεός ἀπό τούς ἔτσι πιστεύοντας ἀληθῶς καί θεοπρεπῶς, Πατήρ ἀσώματος καί κατά τόν χρόνο καί τόπο ἀόριστος, στό ἅγιο καί ἀΐδιο Πνεῦμα καί στόν συνάναρχο Υἱό καί Λόγο, πού εἶναι ἡ ἐνυπόστατη ἀλήθεια τοῦ Πατρός. Βέβαια καί ἡ ψυχή καί ὁ ἄγγελος εἶναι ἀσώματα, δέν εἶναι σέ τόπο, ἀλλά δέν εἶναι πανταχοῦ, διότι δέν συνέχουν τό σύμπαν ἀλλά ἔχουν ἀνάγκη τοῦ συνέχοντος, ἑπομένως καί αὐτά εἶναι στόν συνέχοντα καί περιέχοντα τό σύμπαν, ὁριζόμενα ἀπό αὐτόν καταλλήλως. ῾Η ψυχή ὅμως, συνέχοντας τό σῶμα μέ τό ὁποῖο ἐκτίσθηκε μαζί, εἶναι πανταχοῦ τοῦ σώματος, ὄχι ὡς εὑρισκομένη σέ τόπο οὔτε περιεχομένη σέ σῶμα, ἀλλά ὡς συνέχουσα καί περιέχουσα αὐτό, ἀφοῦ ἔχει καί τοῦτο κατ᾿ εἰκόνα Θεοῦ.

῾Η δέ Σαμαρεῖτις, καθώς ἄκουσε ἀπό τόν Χριστό αὐτά τά ἐξαίσια καί θεοπρεπῆ λόγια, ὅτι ὁ Θεός πουθενά δέν πρέπει νά προσκυνῆται ἀληθινά, παρά μόνο κατά τό Πνεῦμα καί τήν ᾿Αλήθειά του, ὅπως ἡ στό ῏Ασμα τῶν ᾿Ασμάτων ψυχή πού νυμφεύεται τόν Θεό, ἀναπτερωμένη ἀπό τή φωνή τοῦ νυμφίου τῆς ἀφθαρσίας, μνημονεύει τόν προσδοκώμενο καί ποθούμενο καί, κρυφά ἀκόμη, παρόντα νυμφίο, λέγοντας. "γνωρίζω ὅτι ὁ Μεσσίας, ὁ λεγόμενος Χριστός, ἔρχεται.ὅταν ἔλθη ἐκεῖνος θά μᾶς τά διδάξη ὅλα". Βλέπετε πώς ἦταν ἑτοιμοτάτη γιά τήν πίστι, ὅτι πλησιάζει ἤδη ὁ προσδοκώμενος, καί γεμάτη ἐλπίδα; ῏Αρα δέν ἐταίριαζε νά εἰπῆ καί αὐτή κατά τόν Δαβίδ, "ἕτοιμη εἶναι ἡ καρδιά μου, Θεέ, ἕτοιμη εἶναι ἡ καρδιά μου, θά τραγουδήσω καί θά ψάλω κατά τήν δόξα μου" (Ψαλμ. 56,8).

᾿Από πού θά ἐγνώριζε τοῦτο μέ τόση βεβαιότητα καί ἀσφάλεια καί θά εἶχε τήν ψυχική διάθεσι γι᾿ αὐτό, ἄν δέν εἶχε μελετήσει τά προφητικά βιβλία μέ ἄκρα σύνεσι; Γι᾿ αὐτό εἶχε καί τόν νοῦ τόσο μετάρσιο, ἀφοῦ εἶχε γεμίσει ἀπό τήν θεία κατοχή.ὥστε ἐμένα, καθώς βλέπω τώρα μέ χαρά τόν σφοδρό πνευματικό πόθο τῆς Σαμαρείτιδος αὐτῆς πρός τόν Χριστό, μοῦ ἔρχεται νά εἰπῶ πάλι γι᾿ αὐτήν τά λόγια τοῦ Ἄσματος ἐκείνου, "ποιά εἶναι αὐτή πού προβάλλει σάν ἡ αὐγή, ὡραία σάν ἡ σελήνη, ἐκλεκτή σάν ὁ ἥλιος;" (῏Ασμα 6,10). Διότι, ἀφοῦ ἐξαγγέλλει ὅτι σέ λίγο θά φανῆ ὁ νοητός ἥλιος τῆς δικαιοσύνης Χριστός καί ὑποδηλώνει ὅτι δι᾿ αὐτῆς ἀρχίζει ἡ ᾿Εκκλησία τῶν ἐθνῶν, σάν νά ἀνεβαίνη ἀπό ἱερά κολυμβήθρα, τήν πηγή ἐπάνω στήν ὁποία ἐστεκόταν, καθώς κατηχεῖτο ἀπό τόν Σωτῆρα, τήν βλέπω νά προβάλλη σάν πολυέραστος ὄρθρος. Εἶναι δέ ὡραία σάν ἡ σελήνη, ἐπείδη φέγγει, ἄν καί ἐπικρατεῖ ἡ νύκτα τῆς ἀσεβείας ἀκόμη.ἐκλεκτή δέ σάν ὁ ἥλιος, γι᾿ αὐτό ὠνομάσθηκε Φωτεινή ἀπό τόν Σωτῆρα καί καταγράφηκε καί αὐτή στόν κατάλογο τῶν μελλόντων νά λάμψουν σάν ὁ ἥλιος κατά τό εὐαγγέλιο, ἐπειδή ἐπεσφράγισε τόν ὑπόλοιπο φωτοειδῆ βίο της μέ μακάριο καί μαρτυρικό τέλος, καί τώρα δέ ἀνεγνώρισε τόν Χριστό ὡς ἀληθινό Θεό καί τόν ἐξύμνησε τελείως ὡς Θεό, καί ὅ,τι εἶπε αὐτός ὕστερα στούς μαθητάς περί τοῦ συμφυοῦς καί ὁμοτίμου Πνεύματος, ὅτι, θά ἔλθη ἐκεῖνος, θά διδάξη ὅλη τήν ἀλήθεια, τοῦτο λέγει προλαβαίνοντας καί αὐτή περί αὐτοῦ, "ὅταν ἔλθη ἐκεῖνος θά μᾶς τά διδάξη ὅλα" (᾿Ιω. 15,26).

᾿Αλλά μόλις τήν εἶδε νά εἶναι τέτοιας λογῆς ὁ νοητός νυμφίος Χριστός, λέγει πρός αὐτήν ἀπροκαλύπτως, "ἐγώ εἶμαι πού σοῦ ὁμιλῶ". ᾿Εκείνη δέ γίνεται ἀμέσως ἐκλεκτή πραγματικά εὐαγγελίστρια καί ἀφήνοντας τήν ὑδρία καί τρέχοντας πρός τήν πόλι τούς πείθει μέ τά λόγια καί τούς ὁδηγεῖ πρός τήν πίστι τοῦ φανέντος, λέγοντας "ἔλθετε νά ἰδῆτε ἄνθρωπο, πού μοῦ εἶπε ὅλα ὅσα ἔκαμα.μήπως αὐτός εἶναι ὁ Χριστός;". ῾Ομιλεῖ δέ ἔτσι ὄχι ὅτι ἔχει κάποια ἀμφιβολία, ἀλλά διότι πιστεύει ὅτι καί οἱ ἄλλοι θά πληροφορηθοῦν καλύτερα μέ τή θέα καί θά πεισθοῦν εὐχερέστερα διά τῆς συνομιλίας πρός τόν Κύριο, ὅπως καί στήν πρᾶξι συνέβηκε.

᾿Εγώ καί τά προηγούμενα ἀνέπτυξα συνοπτικῶς, ἀλλά καί τή συνέχεια τῶν εὐαγγελικῶν λόγων θά παραλείψω τώρα, διότι βλέπω ὅτι ἡ ὥρα σᾶς βιάζει πρός τίς ἀνάγκες τοῦ βίου καί τά ἔργα τοῦ βίου. ᾿Αλλά σεῖς προσέξατε αὐτήν τήν Σαμαρείτιδα. μόλις ἄκουσε τά εὐαγγελικά λόγια, πού ἀνακοινώνομε κι᾿ ἐμεῖς πρός τήν ἀγάπη σας, ἀμέσως κατεφρόνησε ὅλες τίς ἀνάγκες τοῦ σώματος. ῎Αφησε ἀμέσως καί τή στάμνα καί τήν οἰκία, καί, τρέχοντας στήν πόλι καί παρασύροντας τούς Σαμαρεῖτες, ἐπανῆλθε πάλι μαζί μέ αὐτούς πρός τόν Χριστό.διότι τό, "ἔλθετε νά ἰδῆτε", τοῦτο ἀκριβῶς σημαίνει, "ἀκολουθήσατέ με καί θά σᾶς ὁδηγήσω καί θά σᾶς δείξω τόν ἀπό τούς οὐρανούς Σωτῆρα πού ἦλθε στόν κόσμο".

῎Ετσι προέτρεψε τότε ἐκείνους καί τούς παρουσίασε στόν Χριστό. ἐμᾶς δέ τώρα μέ τήν ἐγκατάλειψι τῆς οἰκίας καί τῆς στάμνας διδάσκει νά θεωροῦμε προτιμότερη ἀπό τίς βιοτικές ἀνάγκες τήν ὠφέλεια ἀπό τή διδασκαλία, τήν ὁποία ὁ Κύριος ὠνόμασε ἀγαθή μερίδα πρός τήν Μάρθα τοῦ εὐαγγελίου, ὑπερασπίζοντας τήν Μαρία πού παρακολουθοῦσε τόν λόγο (Λουκ. 10,42). ᾿Εάν δέ πρέπει νά περιφρονοῦμε τά ἀναγκαῖα, πόσο περισσότερο τά ἄλλα; ῎Αλλωστε τί σέ βιάζει πρός τά ἐκεῖ καί σέ ἀπομακρύνει ἀπό τά ὠφέλιμα ἀκούσματα; ᾿Επιμέλεια οἴκου καί παιδιῶν καί γυναίκας; Οἰκεῖο ἤ συγγενικό πένθος ἤ χαρά; ᾿Αγορά κτημάτων ἤ πώλησις; Χρῆσις ὅλων τῶν ὑπαρχόντων σου ἤ μᾶλλον κατάχρησις; ᾿Αλλ᾿ ἄκουσε μέ σύνεσι τά ἀποστολικά διδάγματα. "῾Ο καιρός, ἀδελφοί εἶναι συνεσταλμένος στό ἑξῆς, ὥστε καί ὅσοι ἔχουν γυναῖκες νά εἶναι σάν νά μή ἔχουν καί ὅσοι κλαίουν σάν νά μή κλαίουν καί ὅσοι χαίρονται σάν νά μή χαίρωνται καί ὅσοι ἀγοράζουν σάν νά μή κατέχουν καί ὅσοι χρησιμοποιοῦν τόν κόσμο τοῦτο σάν νά μήν τόν παραχρησιμοποιοῦν.διότι τό σχῆμα τοῦ κόσμου τούτου παρέρχεται" (Α´ Κορ. 7,29).

Τί σημαίνει ὅτι "ὁ καιρός εἶναι συνεσταλμένος"; Σύντομος ὁ βίος, πλησίον ὁ θάνατος, φθαρτός ὁ κόσμος αὐτός, ἄλλος εἶναι ἐκεῖνος πού μένει παντοτινά.ἐμᾶς δέ μᾶς παραπέμπει πρός ἐκεῖνον μέ ἀσφάλεια ἡ καταφρόνησις τοῦ παρόντος κόσμου, ἡ ἑτοιμασία γιά ἐκεῖνον τόν μέλλοντα, ἡ κατά τό δυνατό διαβίωσις ἀπό ἐδῶ σύμφωνα μ᾿ ἐκείνη τή διαγωγή καί ἡ κατά δύναμι ἀποφυγή τῶν ἐπιβλαβῶν τοῦ παρόντος βίου. ῞Οπως δέ ὅταν γίνεται πυκνά ἐπιδρομή ἐχθρῶν στά ἐκτός τῆς πόλεως, ἔχομε τούς ἀγρούς σάν νά μή τούς ἔχωμε καί τόν περισσότερο καιρό, φεύγοντας ἀπό ἐκείνους, καθόμαστε μέσα σέ ἀσφάλεια, κι᾿ ἄν οἱ ἐχθροί ἀναχωρήσουν γιά λίγο, χρησιμοποιοῦμε σύντομα τούς περιπάτους ἐμπρός ἀπό τό ἄστυ, χωρίς κατάχρησι, διότι βλέπουμε τόν καιρό τῆς χρήσεως συνεσταλμένο.ἔτσι καί αὐτόν τόν κόσμο παραινεῖ ὁ ἀπόστολος νά τόν χρησιμοποιοῦμε ἀλλά νά μήν τόν παραχρησιμοποιοῦμε.διότι βλέπει τούς ἀοράτους ἐχθρούς νά ἐπεμβαίνουν δεινῶς καί τήν ἀπειλή τῆς φθορᾶς."παρέρχεται", λέγει, "τό σχῆμα τοῦ κόσμου τούτου". ᾿Αλλ᾿ ὅμως, ἐπειδή τά παρόντα δέν ὑφίστανται οὐσιωδῶς ἀλλ᾿ ἀποτελοῦν σχηματισμό, καί γίνονται μέν ἀλλά δέν εἶναι, φαινόμενα γιά λίγο καί παρερχόμενα, κι᾿ ἄν θελήση κανείς νά τά κατέχη, δέν θά μπορέση ποτέ, σάν σκιά θερινῆς ἄγονης νεφέλης πού διώκεται ἀπό ἄνεμο καί παρέρχεται γρήγορα, ἡ παραίνεσις παρέρχεται γιά νά γίνη φανερά ἡ πρόθεσις τοῦ καθενός καί γιά νά δώση σημεῖο τῆς ἐπιγνώσεως τῶν ἀπό τόν Θεό διαταγμάτων.διότι κι᾿ ἄν θελήση κανείς νά τά κατέχη, ὅπως εἶπα, τά παρόντα δέν εἶναι καθεκτά, κι᾿ αὐτό διττῶς.ὄχι μόνο ὁ κόσμος αὐτός παρέρχεται, ἀλλά κι᾿ ὁ καθένας ἀπό ἐμᾶς, πού χρησιμοποιοῦμε αὐτόν τόν κόσμο, μερικές φορές παρέρχεται καί πρίν ἀπό τά ἐγκόσμια πού ἔχει στή διάθεσί του. Κάθε ἄνθρωπος παρέρχεται σάν νά βαδίζη ὁδόν, πού κι᾿ αὐτή κινεῖται πολυειδῶς καί παρέρχεται ἀπό αὐτόν, καί συμβαίνει ἕνα ἀπό τά δύο, ἤ τόν προφθάνει ἡ ὁδός καί ὅσα κατεῖχε δέν μπορεῖ πλέον νά τά κατέχη ἤ αὐτός προφθάνει καί δέν μπορεῖ πλέον νά κατέχη τά τοῦ βίου.διότι, ἀφοῦ εἶναι θνητός ὁ ἄνθρωπος, εἶναι συνημμένος μέ τά τοῦ βίου, πού εἶναι καί αὐτά τρεπτά. ῎Η λοιπόν ὡς συνημμένος μέ τά τρεπτά τρέπεται πολυτρόπως κι᾿ ἔχασε ὅσα κατεῖχε, πλοῦτο ἴσως, λαμπρότητα, εὐθυμία, ἤ πεθαίνοντας προφθάνει νά ἐπιφέρη στόν ἑαυτό του κεφαλαιωδέστερη τροπή καί ἀναχωρεῖ γυμνός, ἐγκαταλείποντας τά τωρινά ἀγαθά του καί τίς ἐλπίδες γι᾿ αὐτά. ῎Ισως σέ παιδιά, ἀλλά ποιά εἶναι ἡ εὐχαρίστησι καί ἀπ᾿ αὐτό; Αὐτός μέν δέν ἔχει πλέον καμμιά αἴσθησι τῶν ἐδῶ πραγμάτων, τά δέ παιδιά θά πέσουν μέ τόν ἴδιο ἤ ἄλλον τρόπο.

Τό τέλος λοιπόν τῶν προσκολλημένων σ᾿ αὐτόν τόν κόσμο εἶναι πάντοτε συμφορά, ἀφοῦ τελικῶς ἐκφέρονται γυμνοί καί ἐγκαταλείπουν ὅλα τά ἐδῶ ἀγαπητά πράγματα. Σέ ὅσους δέ περιφρονοῦν τά πράγματα τοῦ κόσμου τούτου καί ζητοῦν νά μάθουν περί τοῦ μέλλοντος κόσμου καί σπεύδουν νά πράττουν αὐτά πού θά συντελέσουν γιά ἐκεῖνον, ὁ θάνατος, ὅταν ἔρχεται δέν ἐπιφέρει ζημία, ἀλλά μᾶλλον τούς μεταφέρει ἀπό τοῦτα τά μάταια καί ρευστά, πρός ἀνέσπερη ἡμέρα, πρός ἄφθαρτη τρυφή, πρός ἀΐδια δόξα, πρός τά πραγματικά ὑπάρχοντα καί ἀναλλοιώτως διαμένοντα.

Αὐτά εἴθε νά ἐπιτύχωμε ὅλοι ἐμεῖς, μέ τήν χάρι καί φιλανθρωπία αὐτοῦ πού ἔκλινε τούς οὐρανούς καί κατέβηκε ὑπέρ ἡμῶν, ὄχι ἕως ἐμᾶς, ἀλλά καί ἕως τίς ἔγκλειστες στά καταχθόνια ψυχές.καί πού ἀπό ἐκεῖ ξανανέβηκε δι᾿ ἀναστάσεως καί ἀναβιώσεως καί προσέφερε σ᾿ ἐμᾶς τόν φωτισμό καί τή γνῶσι καί τήν ἐλπίδα τῶν οὐρανίων καί ἀϊδίων, στά ὁποῖα εἶναι δεδοξασμένος στούς αἰῶνες τῶν αἰώνων. Γένοιτο.

Saint Theophylact of Ochrid-Fifth Sunday of Pascha The Samaritan Woman

 Fifth Sunday of Pascha
The Samaritan Woman

John 4: 5-42

From The Explanation of The Gospel of St. John

by Blessed Theophylact, Archbishop of Ochrid and Bulgaria

 

1-4. When therefore the Lord knew how the Pharisees had heard that Jesus was making and baptizing more disciples than John, (though Jesus Himself was not baptizing, but His disciples,) He left Judea, and departed again into Galilee. And it was necessary that He go through Samaria. 

 When God, the Lover of man, became flesh for our sake, the purpose of His every action was to bring benefit to us. So it is here: when He perceived that the Pharisees had heard of His fame and knew that this would incite them to envy, He departed into Galilee, thereby teaching us two things. First, that we should spare our enemies and try every means not to give cause for offense or envy; and second, that we should not throw ourselves into temptation foolishly and needlessly, but instead withdraw for a while until the anger of our enemies has abated. Although He had the power to withstand those who hated Him, even if they had rushed to attack, yet He withdrew from them so that His human nature and flesh would not seem to be an illusion. If He had continuously escaped from their midst, how much scope would this have given to the Docetists, the Manichees, Valentine, and the accursed Eutyches [heretics who denied the fulness of Christ's human nature]? The Evangelist alludes to the slander induced by envy when he says, "Though Jesus Himself was not baptizing, He was falsely accused of baptizing by envious men who wished to stir up the Pharisees against Him." It was necessary that He go through Samaria. The Evangelist describes Samaria as place to pass through, not a destination. Note that he did not say, "It was necessary that He go to Samaria." He wished to forestall any accusation by the Jews that Christ left them in order to go to the Gentiles, whom the Jews abhorred. It was only when the Jews drove Him away that the Lord approached the Gentiles; and even then, He did not go to them on purpose, but only in passing.

5-6. Then cometh He to a city of Samaria, which is called Sychar, near to the parcel of ground that Jacob gave to his son Joseph. Now Jacob's well was there. 

 It would be worthwhile to explain the origins of the Samaritans and how they got their name. There was a mountain, Somor, named after the man who owned it, as Isaiah also says, And the head of Ephraim is Somoron.[Is. 7:9] Those who lived by this mountain were not at first called Samaritans, but Israelites. When they sinned against God, they were given into the hands of the Assyrians on various occasions.[See IV King 17:6-7} At last the Assyrian king [Tiglath-pileser III] set upon them as they were plotting a rebellion, took them captive, and fearing continuous revolt, no longer permitted them to remain there. He exiled them among the Babylonians and Medes, and from there brought back Gentiles from various places and settled them in Samaria. After this was done, God demonstrated to the barbarians that He had given the Jews into their hands because the Jews had sinned, and not because He was weak. Therefore He caused lions to set upon the barbarians in Samaria and devour them. When this was reported to the king, he sent for certain elders of the Jews in captivity, and asked them what could be done to prevent the lions from again assailing the occupants of Samaria. The elders explained that the God of Israel watched over that place and would not allow any one ignorant of His laws to dwell there. Therefore, if he felt sorrow for those barbarians, he should send Jewish priests to teach them the laws of God, and in this manner God would be appeased. The king did as they had said, and sent a certain priest to teach the law of God to the barbarians in Samaria. However, they did not accept all the divine books, but only the five books of Moses: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. Neither did they completely abandon their impiety; but in later years they gave up their idols and worshiped God. When the Jews finally returned from captivity, they always were suspicious of the Samaritans, considering them to be Assyrian by race, and calling them "Samaritans" after the name of the mountain. But the Samaritans called themselves the descendants of Abraham and Jacob. For Abraham was a Chaldean like themselves, and Jacob they considered to be their own because of his well which they possessed. To the Jews, then, the Samaritans were an abomination, together with all Gentiles. This is why they reviled the Lord by saying, Thou art a Samaritan, [Jn. 8:48] and even the Lord Himself said to His disciples, and into any city of the Samaritans enter ye not. [Mt. 10:5] Why does the Evangelist give such details about Jacob's ground and well? First of all, so that you would not be surprised to hear the words of the woman, Our father, Jacob, gave us this well. For that place was Sykima [Shechem], where Simeon and Levi, the sons of Jacob, committed their savage slaughter to avenge the ravishing of their sister, Dinah, by the son of the ruler of the Sykimites. [Gen. 34] We also learn from the Evangelist's mention of the ground and the well that the rejection of the Jews began long ago on account of their sins. Having sinned against God, the Gentiles took possession of their land, and what the patriarchs had acquired through their faith in Christ, their descendants, the Jews, lost through their impiety. So it is nothing new if now the Gentiles have entered into the kingdom of heaven instead of the Jews. The ground which Jacob gave to Joseph was called Sykima. For it was there that the sons of Jacob slew the Sykimites and left desolate their city, which Jacob gave as an inheritance to his son, Joseph.

6-8. Jesus therefore, being wearied with His journey, sat thus on the well: and it was about the sixth hour. There cometh a woman of Samaria to draw water. Jesus saith unto her, Give Me to drink. For His disciples were gone away unto the city to buy food. 

 By saying that the Lord was weary from the journey, the Evangelist shows us His humility and simplicity, for He rode not even a donkey on His journey, but walked on foot, teaching us also to need less, not more. The Evangelist also demonstrates that the Lord did not journey leisurely, but with intensity, from which we too may learn to do God's work with zeal and attention. The words, He sat thus, indicate that He sat simply, as He was, not on a chair, and without pretension rested His body on the ground and refreshed it by the well. Then the Evangelist gives another reason why He sat by the well: it was high noon, about the sixth hour, and the Lord needed rest and refreshment from the oppressive heat. Lest anyone accuse the Lord of a double standard in forbidding His disciples to go near the Gentiles while He Himself went to the Samaritans, the Evangelist says that He sat in that place because He was tired, showing that his thirst justified His conversation with the woman. In accordance with His human nature, He became thirsty and needed to drink. To the One asking for drink, the woman speaks with words which show her eagerness to learn. What should He have done? Shun this woman so eager to learn, who thirsted to learn the answer to her perplexity? Of course not! That is not the way of God, the Lover of man. We also see here the utter simplicity of the Lord. He is left all alone on the road, while His disciples have gone into the city to buy food. They gave so little attention to the demand of the stomach that at the very time when most people are nearly asleep after dinner they were out buying food, that is, loaves of bread only, from which we may also learn to limit the variety of what we eat. Notice the exactitude of the Evangelist. He did not assert, "It was the sixth hour," but instead, It was about the sixth hour, so careful was he to preserve the truthfulness of every word of his Gospel.

9-11. Then saith the woman of Samaria unto Him, How is it that Thou, being a Jew, asketh drink of me, who am a woman of Samaria? For the Jews have no dealings with the Samaritans. Jesus answered and said unto her, If thou knewest the gift of God, and Who it is that saith to thee, Give me to drink, thou wouldest have asked of Him, and He would have given thee living water. The woman saith unto Him, Sir, Thou hast nothing to draw with, and the well is deep: from whence then hast Thou that living water? 

Perhaps by His appearance, dress, manner, and speech, the Samaritan woman judged the Lord to be a Jew, which is why she says to Him, How is it that Thou, being a Jew, asketh drink of me? See how circumspect she is. If there were need of caution, the Lord needed it, not her. For it was not that the Samaritans had no dealings with the Jews, but, as she says, that the Jews have no dealings with the Samaritans. None the less, the woman did not keep silent, but out of her concern that the Lord was doing something unlawful for Him to do, she attempted to correct Him. The Lord does not show Who He is until the woman's virtue, prudence, and conscientiousness have first been revealed. Then He begins to speak to her of more profound things. If thou knewest, He says, the gift of God, which means, if you knew what eternal and incorruptible things God gives, and if you also knew that I am God, Who is able to give you these things, you would have asked for and received living water. The Lord calls the gift of the Holy Spirit water because it cleanses and refreshes those who receive it. It is not stagnant, fetid water like that in ponds and wells, but living water, ceaselessly bubbling and gushing upwards. For the grace of the Holy Spirit makes the soul constantly active in doing good, and always ready for spiritual ascents. Of such living and ever active water did the Apostle Paul drink, causing him to forget those things which are behind, and reaching forth unto those which are before. [Phil. 3:13] Then the woman sayeth unto Him, Sir. Do you see how at once she abandons her perception of Him as a man of low rank, and instead adopts great reverence, calling Him "Sir"? However, she has not yet perceived the depth of Christ's words; while He means one thing by the word water, she understands something quite different.

12-15. Surely Thou art not greater than our father Jacob, who gave us the well, and drank thereof himself, and his sons, and his cattle? Jesus answered and said unto her, Whosoever drinketh of this water shall thirst again: but whosoever drinketh of the water that I shall give him shall never thirst; but the water that I shall give him shall be in him a well of water springing up into everlasting life. The woman saith unto him, Sir, give me this water, that I thirst not, neither come hither to draw. 

 She claims Jacob as her father, inserting herself into the noble lineage of the Jews. Do you see the intelligence of the woman? From the difference between the two kinds of water, she at once infers the difference between the two who give these waters. "If," she says, "You can give such water of which you speak, certainly You would be greater than Jacob who gave us this water." Her words, and drank thereof himself, are in praise of the sweetness of the water in Jacob's well. The patriarch was so pleased by the water in this spring that both he and his sons drank of it. Her words, and his cattle, indicate the abundance of the water. Not only was the water so sweet that Jacob himself drank of it, the supply was so plentiful that it watered his multitude of cattle. When the woman said, Surely Thou art not greater than our father Jacob, the Lord does not reply openly, "Yes, I am greater!" lest He appear to boast, not yet haven given any sign of His own power. But by His answer this is exactly what He implies. "He who drinks of this water will thirst again, but he who drinks of My water will never thirst. If you marvel at Jacob who gave you this water, much more should you be amazed at Me. For I give you a far superior water, which becomes a spring of water continuously multiplied." The saints do not receive a portion from God and preserve that same quantity until the end, but instead accept their portion as the seeds and the beginnings of good, which they themselves use up entirely, making it multiply. The Lord teaches this very thing in His parables of the talents and of the innkeeper. The man who had been given two talents earned another two by laboring and putting them to work; and to the innkeeper who received the man wounded by thieves the Lord promised, "Whatever more you have spent of your own, I will give back to you." [See Mt. 25:20-30 and Lk. 10:35] Therefore, this is what the Lord implies here: "I too give water to the thirsty, but what I give does not remain the same quantity that was given, but overflows and becomes a spring." The Lord gave Paul a small amount of water, that is, the catechesis imparted to him by Ananias, but Paul showed this small gift of instruction to be a fountain pouring out torrents of preaching that reached from Jerusalem to Illyria. How then did the woman react to these words? Still in a lowly manner, for she thought that His words were about actual water, yet she also shows signs of spiritual advance. Before, when she could not understand, she had asked dubiously, Whence then hast Thou that living water? Now she accepts His words without doubt and says, Give me this water. She appears wiser than Nicodemus, who received a much lengthier explanation from the Lord and still responded, How can these things be? [Jn. 3:9] But she already begins to look down on Jacob's well. For she says, "If You have such water, give it to me, and I will no longer come here to draw." Do you see that she now holds the Lord in higher esteem than she does Jacob?

16-22. Jesus saith unto her, Go, call thy husband, and come hither. The woman answered and said, I have no husband. Jesus said unto her, Thou hast well said, I have no husband: for thou hast had five husbands; and he whom thou now hast is not thy husband; in that saidst thou truly. The woman saith unto Him, Sir, I perceive that Thou art a prophet. Our fathers worshipped in this mountain; and ye say, that in Jerusalem is the place where men ought to worship. Jesus saith unto her, Woman, believe Me, the hour cometh, when ye shall neither in this mountain, nor yet at Jerusalem, worship the Father. Ye worship ye know not what: we know what we worship; for salvation is of the Jews. 

Go, call thy husband. Seeing her eager to receive what He offered and insistent that He give it, He says, Call thy husband, as if to point out, "You should share My gift with him as well." She answered, I have no husband, striving at once to hide her sin and receive the gift without delay. The Lord now reveals through prophesy His own power. He enumerates her former husbands and rebukes the man with whom she is now living secretly. Did the woman become vexed at His rebuke? Did she flee from Him in shame? No, she marveled and cleaved to Him all the more, saying Sir, I perceive that Thou art a prophet, and questioned Him about divine doctrines and not such worldly things as bodily health and money, so inclined was her soul to the love of wisdom and virtue. What does she ask? Our fathers worshipped in this mountain. Here she refers to Abraham and those with him. For it was on this mountain, they say, that Isaac was led up to be sacrificed. [Gen.22] And how is it, she says, ye say that in Jerusalem is the place where men ought to worship? Do you see how much more lofty her thoughts have become? Only moments earlier her concern was how to avoid the daily labor of satisfying one's thirst; now she asks questions concerning dogmas. Christ sees her capacity to understand spiritual thing, yet does not answer her question (for it was not an important matter), but instead reveals a greater teaching, greater than what He had disclosed to Nicodemus or to Nathaniel. The time is coming, He says, when God will be worshiped neither here nor in Jerusalem. You are striving, He says, to show that the worship of the Samaritans is superior to that of the Jews. But I say to you, that neither here nor there has the first place of honor: there will be another way, superior to both. Yet I also declare to you that the worship of the Jews is more holy than that of the Samaritans. For ye worship ye know not what: we, the Jews, know what we worship. Christ counts Himself as one of the Jews, speaking in terms of the woman's understanding. She thinks of Him as a Jewish prophet, and so He says, We worship. In what way did the Samaritans not know what they worshiped? They thought that God was limited to one location [their holy mountain]. This is why, when the lions were devouring them as was related above, they sent word to the king of the Assyrians that the God of that place did not accept them. This is also why they continued for a long time to worship idols, and not God Himself. But the Jews were free of this misconception and knew God to be the God of all, although not all the Jews understood this. For salvation is of the Jews. This has two meanings for us. First, that the good things that are in the world came from the Jews. The knowledge of God and the rejection of idols took its beginning from the Jews; and all other teachings, and even your own Samaritan worship (though it is not correct), began with the Jews. Secondly, the Lord names His own Advent, which was from the Jews, "salvation." For the Lord, Who came from the Jews according to the flesh, is Himself Salvation.

23-24. But the hour cometh, and now is, when the true worshippers shall worship the Father in spirit and in truth: for the Father seeketh such to worship Him. God is Spirit: and they that worship Him must worship Him in spirit and in truth. 

We Jews have more than you Samaritans regarding the manner of worship; nevertheless, the worship of the Jews will also come to an end. It is not only the places of worship that will change, but the manner of worship itself. This change is at the very doors, and now is, and the practices taught by the prophets will not last much longer. By true worshippers the Lord means those who live according to His own law, who do not confine God to one place, as do the Samaritans, and who do not serve Him with a material, bodily worship, as do the Jews, but who worship Him in spirit and in truth, that is, with their soul and with purity of mind [nous]. Because God is spirit, that is, bodiless, He must be worshipped in a bodiless manner which is in accordance with the soul. This is what it means to worship in spirit, for the soul is both spirit and bodiless. But because there are many who appear to worship Him in accordance with the soul, but do not hold to the Orthodox doctrine concerning Him, such as the heretics, He also added the words, and in truth. For one must both worship God with the mind [nous], and hold to the true doctrine concerning Him. Perhaps someone will say that by these two things, spirit and truth, are implied the two parts of our Christian philosophy, action [praxis] and contemplation [theoria]. In spirit means "by action." For as the divine Apostle says, As many as are led by the Spirit of God … mortify the deeds [tas praxeis] of the body. [See Ro. 8:13-14] And again, The desires of the flesh are against the spirit, and the desires of the spirit are against the flesh. [Gal. 5:17] Therefore, to worship the Father in spirit implies the active practice of the virtues [subduing the flesh,] while worshiping Him in truth implies the contemplation of the divine. This is what Paul means when he writes, Therefore let us keep the feast … with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth. [I Cor. 5:8] Sincerity refers to purity of life, which is active virtue; truth refers to divine contemplation, which concerns itself with the truth of the word of doctrine. Spirit and truth may also be understood as follows. It was characteristic of the Samaritans to think of God as enclosed in a certain place, and to say that He must be worshipped "in this place." On the other hand, it was characteristic of the Jews that every aspect of their worship was performed as a type and foreshadowing of things to come. In spirit was said in reference to the Samaritans, so that what He means is this: you Samaritans offer to God a kind of local veneration. True worshipers will not be limited by locality; they will worship in spirit, which means, in mind and soul. Neither will they worship as do the Jews with types and foreshadowings, but in truth, because the Jewish customs and observances are about to come to an end. Since the Judaic law, understood according to the letter, was a type and shadow, perhaps the words, in spirit, are in contrast to the letter of the law. (For the law of the letter no longer prevails among us, but the law of the spirit, for the letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life.) [II Cor. 3:6] And the words, in truth, are in contrast to the types and prefigurings. Therefore, He says, the hour cometh, and indeed now is, meaning, the time of My Advent in the flesh, when true worshipers will not worship in one place only, like the Samaritans, but in every place offering bodiless worship according to the Spirit, as Paul also says, Whom I worship with my spirit. [Ro. 1:9] Nor will they, like the Jews, offer service to God that is a type, a shadow, and a prefiguring of things to come, but instead a worship that is true, containing nothing obscure. Such are the worshippers whom God seeks: spiritual, because He is Spirit, and true, because He is Truth. 

25-27. The woman saith unto him, I know that the Messiah cometh, Who is called Christ: when He is come, He will tell us all things. Jesus saith unto her, I that speak unto thee am He. And upon this came His disciples, and marveled that He talked with a woman: yet no man said, What seekest Thou? Or, Why talkest Thou with her? 

 How did the woman know that the Messiah was coming, Who is called Christ? From the writings of Moses, since, as we have already said, the Samaritans accepted the five books of Moses. From these they knew the prophecies about Christ, and that He is the Son of God. For the words, Let us make man, [Gen. 1:26] indicate that the Father was speaking to the Son; it was the Son Who spoke with Abraham in his tent; and Jacob spoke these prophetic words concerning the Son, A ruler shall not fail from Judah until there come the things stored up for Him, and He is the Expectation of the Nations. [Gen. 49:10] Moses himself said, The Lord thy God shall raise up to thee a prophet of thy brethren, like me; Him shall ye hear. [Dt. 18:15] And many other things were proclaimed concerning the coming of the Christ. This is how the woman can say, I know that the Messiah cometh. The Lord then reveals Himself to her, as demanded by the sequence of their conversation. If He had said right from the start, "I am the Christ," He would not have persuaded the woman, and would have appeared overbearing and arrogant. But now that He has brought her step by step to remember the expectation of the Messiah, suddenly He reveals Himself. Why did He not reveal Himself to those Jews who continuously asked Him, "Tell us if Thou art the Christ," but did so to this woman? He said nothing to those others because they did not inquire for the purpose of learning, but with the intent to slander Him all the more. Because this woman is honest He openly reveals Himself. She questioned Him with all sincerity of thought and purpose, simply desiring to know the truth. This is made clear by what followed. When she heard His words, not only did she herself believe, but she led others into the net of faith as well, always showing her mind to be both probing and believing. At just the right moment, when the Lord's teaching and conversation with the woman was completed, the disciples returned. They were astounded at His humility when they saw Him, a Man renowned and acclaimed by all, condescending with meekness and compassion to speak with a woman, and moreover, one who was a pauper and a Samaritan. They were astounded, but not so bold as to ask what He had been discussing with her, for they were always respectful to Him, as is proper for disciples towards their teacher. On other occasions they did act more boldly, for instance, when John leaned on His breast, or when they approached Him to ask which of them was the greatest, or when the sons of Zebedee asked Him if one of them could sit at His right hand and the other at His left. They did so because they inquired about seemingly urgent matters that pertained to themselves. But in this case, because there was no need to ask about something that did not concern them, such boldness was out of place.

28-30. The woman left her waterpot, and went her way into the city, and saith to the men, Come, see a man, who told me all things that I ever did: is not this the Christ? Then they went out of the city, and came unto Him. 

 The words just spoken to her kindled such zeal in her heart that she left her water pot, in an instant preferring Christ's water over that of Jacob's well. Now she becomes no less than an apostle, ordained to this rank by the faith that has taken hold of her heart, teaching an entire city and drawing it to Christ. Come, she says, see a man, who told me all things that I ever did. Once her soul was inflamed with divine fire, she gave no thought to anything earthly, not even shame or dishonor. See how she is not ashamed to parade her sins, when she says, see a man who told me all things that ever I did. She could have spoken more guardedly, by saying for instance, "Behold a prophet Who knew my thoughts." Instead, she scorns her own reputation and thinks only to proclaim the truth. She does not state categorically, "This is the Christ," but rather, Is not this [perhaps] the Christ? encouraging them to reach the same conclusion themselves and making her words easier for them to accept. If she had insisted, "This is the Christ," they may have scoffed at her and rejected out of hand the opinion of this woman of such ill repute. Some have understood the five husbands of the Samaritan woman to represent the five books of Moses, which the Samaritan woman alone accepted. Christ's words, He whom thou now hast, they say means, "My word which you have now received from Me is not thy husband, that is, "You have not yet been yoked to My teaching." One could also say that the Samaritan is a type and symbol of human nature. Our human nature formerly dwelt on a mountain, that is, in a mind full of divine grace. Before he sinned Adam was adorned with every divine gift and was even a prophet. When he was raised from sleep he spoke prophetically of the fashioning of the woman and the relationship of the husband to her. He said, This now is bone of my bones, and, Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother… [Gen. 2:23 and 3:1] Our nature, then, was in this mountain, that is, the lofty mind; but when it offended [and rebelled against] God, it was led away captive, and the devil, who had taken us prisoner, also took our nature's holy seed, by which I mean all divine thoughts, and led them away to Babylon, that is, into the confusion of this world. In their place the devil planted barbarous thoughts. But these were devoured by lions, namely, the good thoughts which govern us as kings, until they were persuaded to accept the words of God. But they did not accept them entirely, for the evil which had once settled in our mountain, that is, in our mind, while accepting the law of Moses, did not become altogether good and remained under the curse. Therefore Jesus journeyed to us, that is, He undertook many paths and stratagems to bring us salvation, sometimes using threats and warnings, sometimes the blows of calamities, sometimes benefactions, and at other times promises of good things. When He had grown weary from His journey and all the methods undertaken for our correction, He found at last another means for our salvation, at which He sat down and rested, and was pleased with it. What was it? The font of baptism, by which He brought benefit to our nature, as to the Samaritan woman. This spring may rightly be called the well of Jacob, that is, the well of him who tripped by the heel and supplanted his brother Esau. [See endnote (1).] For in the font of baptism a man can trip up and vanquish the devil, because there the Lord has crushed the head of the dragon and given him as food to the Ethiopian people. [See Ps. 73:15] For no others have been nourished and gladdened by this dragon except those who are darkened and black in soul and have no share in the divine light. Five husbands have been yoked to our nature, namely, the various laws which God has given to her: first in Paradise, then to Noah, then to Abraham, then to Moses, and lastly, through the prophets. For Noah received a commandment after the Flood, and Abraham received the law of circumcision. [See Gen. 9:1-17 and 17:1-14] After our nature had been wedded to these five laws, she took to herself a sixth, who was not her husband and whom she had not yet wedded, the law of the New Testament. One might also understand this sixth, which was not our nature's husband, to be the law of idolatry. For indeed God had not given her this law for a husband; instead, she had joined herself to it as an adulteress. Therefore the prophet says, She [Judah] hath committed adultery with wood, and, They [Israel] have fornicated under every tree, [Jer. 3:9,6] referring to the pagan carvings and trees which they worshipped. Our nature has fallen headlong to such depths of senselessness as to worship, simply because they are lovely, such beautiful trees as the cypress, the plane tree, and the like. Therefore, when man had loved this sixth, an adulterer, and had fallen into idolatry, then the Lord came and delivered us. This is why He says, he whom thou now hast, for at the time of Christ's appearing even the wisest of the Jews had fallen into Hellenism, of whom the clearest example is the sect of the Pharisees, who believed in fate and practiced astrology. The Samaritan woman also represents every soul which is yoked irrationally to the five senses and then errs grievously in doctrine, like one who takes a sixth man in adultery. To such a soul Jesus gives good things, either through baptism or through the font of tears. Tears may indeed be called Jacob's well, springing from a repentant mind which has supplanted wickedness. From this water the mind drinks, and his children, namely, his thoughts, and his cattle, those parts of the soul not endowed with reason, such as anger and desire. For tears bring refreshment to the soul, its thoughts, and its faculties. 

31-34. In the mean while, His disciples asked Him, saying, Master, eat. But He said unto them, I have food to eat that ye know not of. Therefore said the disciples one to another, Hath any man brought Him aught to eat? Jesus saith unto them, My food is to do the will of Him that sent Me, and to finish His work.  

The disciples asked the Lord to eat, meaning, they begged Him, not in a presumptuous manner, but out of love for their Master, for they saw that He was weary from the journey and the oppressive heat. But knowing that the Samaritan woman was about to bring to Him nearly all the inhabitants of the city, and that the Samaritans would believe in Him, the Lord replies, "I have food to eat, which is, the salvation of men. And I have a greater desire for this food than any one of you has for material food. But you, My disciples, do not know this food which I have to eat. Because you are still dull in understanding and unable to fathom my enigmatic words, you do not know that I call the salvation of men my food." In another sense, "You do not know this food," means, "You do not know that the Samaritans will believe and will be saved." What do the disciples do? They are still bewildered and ask among themselves, Hath any man brought Him aught to eat? Being as always in awe of Him, they do not dare to question Him further. But although they did not ask Him, He reveals the meaning of His mysterious words, saying, "My food is to do the will of Him that sent Me ( the will of God is the salvation of men), and to finish His work." The prophets and the law were not able to complete the work of God because they themselves were imperfect and incomplete, able to reveal only types and foreshadowings of the good things to come. But the Lord completed God's work, which is, our salvation and our renewal. It seems to me that God's work also means man himself, whom the Son of God alone completed. He did so by revealing our nature to be sinless in Him, once He had shown it to be complete and perfect in every good work through His divine life in human flesh, overcoming the world [at every point] until the end. The law, too, is the work of God, in that it was written by God's finger, [See Ex. 31:18 and Deut. 9:10] and the Lord completed the law. For the end of the law is Christ, [Ro. 10:4] Who, when every requirement of the law had been fulfilled, made it to cease, transforming bodily worship into spiritual. The Lord often speaks in riddles to make His listeners more attentive and to stir them up to ask and learn the meaning of His veiled words. By calling man's salvation food, He teaches His disciples that, once they have been ordained as the teachers of the world, they too should pay less attention to food for the body, and redirect their hunger to the saving of men. Take note that the Lord did accept food offered Him by others, for the disciples said, Hath any man brought Him aught to eat? He did this, not because He needed others to minister to Him (how could this be true of Him that giveth food to all flesh?) [Ps.135:25], but so that those who brought food to Him might have their reward and become accustomed to feeding others. At the same time, He gave an example to all men not to be ashamed of poverty and not to be embarrassed when given food by others. It is especially necessary in the case of teachers that others provide them with food, that they might be undistracted in the constant ministry of the word. This is the very thing He taught His disciples, that they should be fed by those whom they teach. [See Mt. 10]

35-37. Say not ye, There are yet four months, and then cometh harvest? Behold, I say unto you, Lift up your eyes, and look on the fields; for they are white already to harvest. And he that reapeth receiveth wages, and gathereth fruit unto life eternal: that both he that soweth and he that reapeth may rejoice together. And herein is that saying true, One soweth, and another reapeth. I sent you to reap that whereon ye bestowed no labour: other men laboured, and ye are entered into their labours.

Now he begins to reveal clearly to His disciples the meaning of what He had said before in riddles. "You say," meaning, you think, "that the harvest," namely, the material harvest, "is coming in four months. But I say to you, the noetic harvest is here already." He said this in reference to the Samaritans who were just then approaching Him. "Therefore lift up your eyes, both noetic and physical, and behold the multitude of approaching Samaritans and the souls eager and ready to believe, which are like fields white for the harvest." Just as whitened ears of wheat are ready for harvest, so have these men been prepared for harvest. And he that reapeth receiveth wages, and gathereth fruit unto life eternal: that both he that soweth and he that reapeth may rejoice together. What He means is this: the prophets sowed but did not reap. Yet they have by no means been deprived of the pleasure of the reward, but rejoice with you who do the reaping. It is not so with [farmers'] harvests, where, if it should happen that one man sows and another reaps, there is only sorrow for the man who does not reap. But in the spiritual harvest, the prophets who preached long ago, cultivating and preparing the minds of men, rejoice together with you who now draw men to salvation. The Lord says, I sent you to reap that whereon ye bestowed no labour, so that when He should send the disciples out to preach, they would not be overwhelmed by the difficulty of the task. The prophets undertook the harder work, He says, while you are sent out merely to complete what has already been prepared. He speaks truly, mentioning that well-known proverb, One soweth, and another reapeth. See how He speaks always with authority as Master, It is I Who sent you to reap [Eg ymas apesteila therizein]. Let the followers of the accursed Marcion, Manes, and the like, who would sever the Old Testament from the New, take note, for here they are rebuked. If the Old had indeed been separated from the New, how could the Apostles have reaped what the prophets had sown? But the Apostles have reaped the harvest of the Old Testament, which therefore is not estranged from the New—they are one and the same. And let the followers of Arius hear that it is as Lord and Master that He sends out His disciples. He sends them out to cut down and reap Jews and Greeks alike, who had stood planted in the earth and in corruptible things, and to carry them into the threshing floor, that is, into the Church, where they are threshed by the oxen, who signify the teachers, and made subject to them. There they are crushed and broken [signifying repentance and contrition], and when they have discarded all that is chaff, fleshly, and fuel for the fire, they are stored up as pure ears of wheat in heavenly granaries, becoming food for God Who takes delight in their salvation. In this same manner Paul reaped souls and cut them away from the earth, teaching us that our citizenship is in heaven. [Philip. 3:20] The words, look on the fields; for they are white already to harvest, some have elegantly applied to old men, referring to their white beards and the harvest of death.

39-42. And many of the Samaritans of that city believed on Him for the saying of the woman, who testified, He told me all that ever I did. So when the Samaritans were come unto Him, they besought Him that He would tarry with them: and He abode there two days. And many more believed because of His own word, and said unto the woman, Now we believe, not because of thy saying: for we have heard Him ourselves, and know that this is indeed the Christ, the Saviour of the world.  

The Samaritans believed because of the woman's own words, wisely determining among themselves that she would not have exposed the secrets of her life in order to please another, unless the Man Whom she proclaimed were truly great and extraordinary. Therefore, showing their faith by their works, they asked Him to live with them always. For the word tarry [meinai] means "to make one's home" among them. But they did not persuade Him, and He stayed there only two days, during which time many more believed because of His teaching. The Evangelist does not need to tell us the particular words of His marvelous teaching: merely stating the end result allows us to sense their divine power. Often the Evangelists omit many of His great deeds and words, because they do not write in order to make a grandiose display of His life, but simply to declare the truth. By His mere presence among the Samaritans, the Lord is also teaching something more profound: without any sign or miracle, they believed and begged Him to live with them. But the Jews, when given ten thousand signs and miracles, drove Him away, for those in his house shall be all a man's enemies. [Micah 7:6] See how quickly the multitude outdid the woman who taught them. They do not call Him "prophet," or "Saviour of Israel," but, the Saviour of the world, using the definite article which indicates, "This is the Saviour," Who essentially and in actuality saves all mankind. There have been many who came to save—lawgivers, prophets, angels—but this One is the true Saviour.

---

1. See Gen. 25:26, 25:34, and 27:36. When the Rachel, the wife of Isaac, gave birth to twins, the younger twin, Jacob, seized the heel [pterna]of the older, Esau. In adulthood Jacob tricked and supplanted [e-pternike] Esau on two occasions, first cheating him out of his birthright by a mess of pottage, and later cheating him of his last blessing from his father Isaac. On this latter occasion Esau cried out in vexation, Rightly was his name called Jacob, for lo! this second time has he supplanted [e-pternike] me. In the writings of the holy fathers, Jacob becomes a type and symbol of the Christian who is enlightened by the grace of Baptism to struggle against his sins and passions, and by doing so to trip up and vanquish Satan.

ΤΙ ΣΥΜΒΟΛΙΖΟΥΝ ΤΑ ΡΟΥΧΑ ΤΩΝ ΜΟΝΑΧΩΝ;

 

ΤΙ ΣΥΜΒΟΛΙΖΟΥΝ ΤΑ ΡΟΥΧΑ ΤΩΝ ΜΟΝΑΧΩΝ

    Φως μοναχοίς άγγελοι. Φως δε πάντων ανθρώπων μοναδική Πολιτεία, είναι η ζωή κατά μίμηση των Αγγέλων, αυτή στήριξε και στηρίζει την Οικουμένη και ο άνθρωπος, ο χριστιανός που ενδύεται το Μέγα και Αγγελικό Σχήμα είναι άξιος πολλών επαίνων και μακαρισμών. Όταν κάποιος, λοιπόν, προσέρχεται για να αφιερώσει τη ζωή του εξ όλης της ψυχής και της διανοίας του στο Νυμφίο Χριστό τότε χαίρεται και αγάλλεται ο ουρανός και πανηγυρίζει ο κόσμος των Αγγέλων γιατί ένας ακόμα άνθρωπος τάχθηκε να μιμηθεί τη ζωή τους. Ο μοναχός και η μοναχή κινούνται μέσα στην ιερή προσμονή του Ουράνιου Νυμφίου τους. Ζουν και κινούνται σε μια πνευματική όαση με το νοσταλγικό λόγο «ελθέτω χάρις και παρελθέτω ο κόσμος ούτος». Και μαζί με τον κόσμο παρέρχεται το όνομα το παλαιό και λαμβάνει νέο όνομα, διότι αφού εγκαταλείπει τον παλαιό άνθρωπο και ενδύεται το νέο άνθρωπο.

     Την ώρα της μοναχικής κουράς προσέρχεται ο δόκιμος μοναχός ή μοναχή ανυπόδητος, ασκεπής, φορώντας μόνο έναν απλό λευκό χιτώνα και δηλώνοντας έτσι ότι όλα τα περιττά και κοσμικά τα απέρριψε και είναι έτοιμος να ενδυθεί το τιμημένο ράσο και τα άγια ρούχα του μοναχού.

Κατά τη μοναχική κουρά ο δόκιμος μοναχός ή μοναχή, ενδύεται το λέντιον (ή ζωστικό ή αντερί) το οποίο είναι μαύρου χρώματος, που συμβολίζει το χιτώνα της ευφροσύνης και της αγαλλιάσεως αντί της γυμνώσεως και της καταισχύνης, την οποία φορέσαμε με την παρακοή μας και αντί της φθοράς και του θανάτου που μας προξένησε αυτή η παρακοή και την οποία φθορά αναιρεί το μοναχικό σχήμα με την υπακοή και τον ενάρετο βίο. Ο χιτώνας αυτός ονομάζεται χιτώνας δικαιοσύνης γιατί η λέξη δικαιοσύνη σημαίνει κάθε αρετή και ο μοναχός φορώντας το οφείλει να γίνει πρόθυμος για κάθε αρετή. Μάλιστα το μαύρο χρώμα του σημαίνει ότι θα πρέπει να είναι πάντοτε οχυρωμένος πίσω από το πένθος για την αμαρτία και την ξενιτεία για τον κόσμο.

Έπειτα ο μοναχός ή η μοναχή ενδύεται τον ανάλαβο (το πολυσταύρι) ο οποίος φοριέται από τους ώμους μπροστά και πίσω σταυροειδώς και σχηματίζει το σημείο του σταυρού, όχι μία, αλλά πολλές φορές. Εικονίζει το σημείο του σταυρού και σημαίνει ότι ο μοναχός αναλαμβάνει το σταυρό του επί των ώμων του και ακολουθεί το Δεσπότη Χριστό. Καθώς το πολυσταύρι περιέχει πολλούς σταυρούς και περιβάλλει μπροστά και πίσω το σώμα του μοναχού και της μοναχής το περιφράσσει και το οχυρώνει απ' τις προσβολές του διαβόλου και από κάθε κακή επιθυμία.
Έπειτα ζώνεται γύρω απ' τη μέση του δερμάτινη ζώνη «εις νέκρωσιν σώματος και ανακαίνισιν πνεύματος». Η ζώνη αποτελεί σημείον σωφροσύνης, καθαρότητας και νεκρώσεως των κινήσεων της σάρκας κι επίσης σημείον ισχύος εναντίον των παθών και παράλληλα στήριξη στις πράξεις των εντολών.

Κατόπιν, ο μοναχός ή η μοναχή φορά τα σανδάλια, που όπως λένε τα λόγια της μοναχικής κουράς, με τα οποία ετοιμάζεται να εφαρμόσει και να διαδώση το ευαγγέλιο της ειρήνης. Επίσης, τα σανδάλια αυτά τον προφυλάσσουν για να μην προσκρούσουν τα πόδια του και να μην δαγκωθεί από το νοητό όφι, αλλά να επιβαίνει πάνω σ' αυτούς και να καταπατεί λέοντα και δράκοντα δηλαδή τα κρυφά και φθονερά θηρία της κακίας. Με τα σανδάλια αυτά θα τρέχει κατευθείαν την οδό του Ευαγγελίου μέχρις ότου φτάσει στους Ουρανούς, εκεί που είναι το πολίτευμα των μοναχών, κατά τον Απόστολο Παύλο.

Κατόπιν ενδύεται το παλλίον (εξώρασο) του μεγάλου και αγγελικού σχήματος και όπως λέγει στη μοναχική κουρά το ενδύεται ως στολή αφθαρσίας και σεμνότητος και ως σημείο της σκέπης του Θεού για την ευλαβή του ζωή αιώνια σε εκείνον ο οποίος θα το λάβει και αποτελεί τη θεία περιβολή που του χαρίζει το Άγιο Πνεύμα.
Κατόπιν ενδύεται το κουκούλιον της ακακίας ως περικεφαλαία ελπίδος για τη σωτηρία μέσω της εκ Θεού επισκιάσεως της χάριτος, αλλά και για την ύψωση του νου του μέσω της ταπεινοφροσύνης και της ακακίας όπως ακριβώς είναι τα άδολα νήπια, αλλά και για τη Θεού φύλαξη και περίθαλψη της κεφαλής με όλα τα αισθητήρια. Το κουκούλιο κρέμεται μπροστά και πίσω, εκεί όπου βρίσκεται το λογιστικό και η καρδιά.

Τελευταία, ενδύεται το μανδύα, ο οποίος θεωρείται το τελειώτατον ένδυμα και το περιεκτικό όλων, σημαίνει δε τη φυλακτική και σκεπαστική δύναμη του Θεού, ταυτόχρονα το συνεσταλμένο ευλαβές και ταπεινό της Μοναχικής ζωής, ενώ το ότι δεν έχει μανίκια σημαίνει ότι καθ' όλη τη ζωή του όλα τα μέλη του είναι νεκρά για κάθε κοσμική εργασία και αμαρτία. Αφήνει μόνο ελεύθερο το κεφάλι το οποίο βλέπει προς το Θεό και φρονεί τα θεία και ανατρέχει μόνο προς το Θεό. Αλλά, όπως είπαμε και πριν, ακόμα και το κεφάλι του μοναχού ή της μοναχής είναι σκεπασμένο με το κουκούλιο για να μη θεωρηθεί ότι έχει ασκεπή και ακάλυπτα τα αισθητήρια.

    Στο σύνολό τους, όλα τα ρούχα του μοναχού εικονίζουν τη νέκρωση του Χριστού μας. Ως τάφος εικονίζεται ο μανδύας και ως εντάφια τα υπόλοιπα ρούχα. Ο ανάλαβος και το Μεγάλο Σχήμα δηλώνουν ότι είναι εσταυρωμένος ο μοναχός για τον κόσμο, όπως άλλωστε το υποσχέθηκε. Το κουκούλιο του εικονίζει το σουδάριο κι έτσι όλος ο μοναχός μιμείται με το σχήμα του τον σταυρωθέντα Δεσπότη του, ο oποίος πέθανε και τυλίχτηκε στα σπάργανα και στο σουδάριο.
Σε όλη του τη ζωή πλέον, ό,τι φορά, θα του υπενθυμίζει ότι συνεσταυρώθηκε με το Χριστό και συνεκρώθηκε μαζί Του και οφείλει να αγωνιστεί για να συναναστηθεί και να συνανυψωθεί και να αναφανεί συγκληρονόμος της πατρικής Βασιλείας και των αγαθών των ετοιμασμένων προ καταβολής κόσμου...

Πηγή: ΟΡΘΟΔΟΞΗ ΜΑΡΤΥΡΙΑ τ.115 Συγγραφέας : Μόνικα μοναχή